Figure 4.

Both younger (A) and older adults’ (B) subjective judgment of the quality of the imagery and elaboration process during encoding varies in accordance to later memory performance (A and B). Paired measures are connected by lines. Participants displaying an effect in the expected direction (i.e., higher ratings for later remembered than for not-remembered pairs) are depicted in black, whereas participants with opposite patterns or no difference are depicted in gray. While the effect was present in all but one younger adult, a larger subsample of older adults did not show the effect. (C) Comparing both samples, the modulatory effect was indeed stronger in younger than in older adults.