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. 2020 May 11;11:351. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00351

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Fluoxetine suppresses glial activation and inflammatory cytokine expression resulting from chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) exposure. (A) Fluoxetine reduced the increases in immobility times of CUMS rats in forced swim test. (B) Fluoxetine increased the decreases in swimming times of CUMS rats. (C) Fluoxetine reversed the decreases in consumption of sucrose solution in CUMS rats in sucrose preference test. (D) Fluoxetine reversed the decreases in exploratory activity of CUMS rats in open field test. (E) Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays of mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) within dentate gyrus (DG). (F) Immunofluorescence staining revealed the Iba1-positive microglial cells within DG (AP, –3.25 mm from bregma) and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes within DG (AP, –3.35 mm from bregma). Scale bar is 50 μm. (G) Bar graphs showing intensities of immunofluorescence signals of Iba1-positive microglial cells. (H) Bar graphs showing intensities of immunofluorescence signals of GFAP-positive astrocytes. For behavioral tests, N = 24 per group. For other experiments, N = 6 per group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to control group; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 compared to CUMS group (FLX, fluoxetine).