Table A.5.

Quantitative evaluation of the KER

KE upstream Degeneration of DAergic nigrostriatal pathway	KE downstream Neuroinflammation	Compound	Reference	Comment
About 25% decrease of TH+ neurons 24–72 h post‐injection	Microglial and astroglial reactivities in substantia nigra and striatum	MPTP 20 mg/kg i.p. 4 injections at 2 h intervals	Annese et al. (2013)	MMP‐9 released by neurons as trigger of neuroinflammation
About 60% decrease of TH+ neurons in substantia nigra and of DA terminals in striatum 7 days post‐injection	Increase in ED1+ cells (macrophagic microglia or invading monocytes)	MPTP 20 mg/kg i.p. 4 injections at 2 h intervals	Chung et al. (2013)	MMP‐3‐induced disruption of BBB
About 50% decrease of TH+ neurons	Microglial and astroglial reactivity in substantia nigra and striatum	MPTP 30 mg/kg i.p. each day during 5 days	Teisman et al. (2012)	RAGE as trigger of neuroinfl.
About 50% decrease of DA content in striatum	Increase of TNF‐alpha (about 5X) and of i‐NOS (about 8X) in striatum	Rotenone 1.5 mg/kg s.c. for 21 days	Abdesalam and Safar (2015)
About 40% decrease of TH+ neurons about 50% decrease of TH+ neurons	About 20% increase in microglial diameter as sign of activation microglial reactivity in substantia nigra	Paraquat 0.5–2 μM (neuron‐glia cocultures) 10 mg/kg i.p. twice a week for 4 weeks	Cicchetti et al. (2005)
Decrease of TH immuno‐reactivity of about 50% in subst. nigra 60% in frontal cortex 60% in hippo‐campus	IL‐1beta immunoreactivity increased in frontal cortex and hippocampus TNFalpha immunoreactivity increased in all 3 regions Iba+ immunoreactivity increased in substantia nigra and decreased in frontal cortex and hippocampus	Paraquat 10 mg/kg i.p., twice a week for 4 weeks	Mitra et al. (2011)