Table A.17.
Concentration at the target site, in‐vitro | MIE |
KE1 Mitochondrial ROS production and dysfunction |
KE2 Impaired proteostasis |
KE3 Degeneration of DA neurons of nigrostriatal pathway |
AO Parkinsonian motor symptoms |
10 μM [1, 10, 12] | No data |
± (at 24 h) |
+ (ALP 6 h, time‐dependent at 24 h) |
± (at 24 h) |
|
20 10 to 50 μM [1, 2, 10] | No data |
+ (at 6 and 24 h; ne 3 h) |
+ (UPS at 6 h) |
+ (at 24 h) |
|
50–200 μM [1, 2, 8, 10, 13] |
++ (at 24 and 48 h) |
++ (at 6 and 24 h) |
++ (UPS at 6 h) |
++ (at 24 and 48 h) |
|
200 μM to 1 mM [3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12] |
+++ (at 4, 6, 24 and 48 h) |
++ (at 4 and 6 h) +++ (at 24 h) |
+++ (UPS at 48 h) ++ (ALP at 24 h) |
++/+++ (at 18, 24 and 48 h) |
|
Concentration at the target site, in vivo | MIE |
KE1 Mitochondrial dysfunction (ROS production) |
KE2 Impaired proteostasis |
KE3 Degeneration of DA neurons of nigrostriatal pathway |
AO Parkinsonian motor symptoms |
Below 3 μM [15, 16] |
+ (4 weeks) |
Increase activity in ROS‐scavenging enzymes + (4 week) |
No data |
Decrease in number of TH+ in SN ± (at 4 week) |
No locomotor deficit |
About 3–10 μM [6,5, 13,14, 15] |
++ weeks) |
Increased lipid peroxidation − (1 week) ++/+++ (2 week) +++ (6–9 week) Increase activity in ROS‐scavenging enzymes (4 week) ++ |
Impaired proteostasis and autophagy ++ |
Decrease in number of TH+ in SN − (1 week) + (at 2–4 week) |
Locomotor deficit ± (at 2–4 week) |
González‐Polo 2007 [1]; Ding and Keller, 2001 [2]; Yang and Tiffany‐Castiglioni, 2007 [3]; Cantu 2011 [4]; Breckenridge 2013 [5]; Prasad 2007 and 2009 [6]; Huang 2012 [7]; Lopert 2012 [8] *LDH as % of control and not of maximal release; Chau 2009 [9]; de Oliveira 2016 [10]; Garcia‐Garcia 2013 [11]; Rodriguez‐Rocha 2013 [12]; Patel 2006 [13]; McCormack 2005 [14]; Mitra et al. 2011 [15]; Brooks et al. 1999 [16].
+, ++, +++ are intended only to demonstrate intra and inter KEs relationship.