Table 4:

Lifetime specific phobia as a predictor of lifetime mood, anxiety, and substance disorders (National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions [n=43 093])²³

	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	OR adjusted for sociodemographic factors (95% CI)*	OR adjusted for sociodemographic and psychiatric factors (95% CI)†
Mood disorders	4·05 (3·69–4·46)	3·70 (3·36–4·09)	2·03 (1·84–2·25)
Major depression	4·08 (3·72–4·46)	3·68 (3·34–4·04)	1·99 (1·80–2·20)
Dysthymia	3·69 (3·24–4·19)	3·40 (2·99–3·87)	1·51 (1·32–1·74)
Mania or hypomania	3·66 (3·27–4·10)	3·65 (3·23–4·12)	1·84 (1·62–2·09)
Anxiety disorders	6·27 (5·66–6·94)	5·89 (5·32–6·52)	3·84 (3·46–4·27)
Panic disorder	5·60 (4·95–6·33)	5·12 (4·50–5·82)	3·05 (2·67–3·48)
Social phobia	7·41 (6·54–8·40)	7·18 (6·36–8·11)	4·68 (4·12–5·32)
Generalised anxiety disorder	6·22 (5·47–7·07)	5·79 (5·08–6·60)	3·09 (2·71–3·53)
Substance use disorders	2·18 (2·00–2·37)	2·63 (2·41–2·87)	1·83 (1·67–2·00)
Alcohol use disorder	1·79 (1·64–1·96)	2·30 (2·09–2·54)	1·62 (1·46–1·79)
Nicotine dependence	2·59 (2·37–2·83)	2·74 (2·51–3·00)	1·83 (1·66–2·03)
Drug use disorder	2·20 (1·96–2·46)	2·54 (2·24–2·87)	1·52 (1·35–1·72)

All associations are significant at p<0·001.

^*Adjusted for age, sex, education, and urbanicity.

^†Adjusted for age, sex, education, urbanicity, and selected lifetime mental disorders (mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders).