Table 1.

List of some effective chemopreventive agents against DMH-induced colon cancer

S. No	Chemopreventive agent	Dosage level (mg/kg.b.w)	Species and strain		Biomarkers studied	Outcome	Reference
1.	Olive oil	1000	Male Sprague Dawley rats	↓	mRNA expression of NF-κB, VEGF, MMP	Chemoprevention	[144]
				↑	mRNA expression of caspases 3 and 9
2.	p-Coumaric acid	100	Male Wistar rats	↓	Bcl-2, Iαβα, cyt C, caspase-3, p65	Antiproliferative	[145]
				↑	P53, GSp78
3.	Rosmarinic acid	5	Male Wistar rats	↓	CYP450, CYP450 2E1, NADPH, CYP450 red, NADH-cytb5 red	Chemopreventive, proapoptotic	[8]
				↑	LOOH, CD. Phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes
4.	Myrtenal	230	Male Wistar rats	↓	CYP450, Cytb5, UDPGT, GST	Anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory	[146]
				↑	SOD, GPx, GR, VIT C, VIT E
5.	p-Methoxycinnamic acid	40	Male Wistar rats	↓	NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, cyclin D1, BCl-2	Antiproliferative, anti-invasive	[147]
				↑	p53, Bax
6.	Etoricoxib	6	Male Sprague Dawley rats	↓	Alkaline phosphatase, maltase, lactase, LPO	Chemopreventive, protects intestinal membrane	[148]
				↑	SOD, CAT, GST, GSH, NO, citrulline
		0.64		↓	COX-2, NF-κB	Anti-inflammatory, anticancer	[149]
7.	Caraway seed oil (Carum carvi L)	0.0.1%	Male Wistar rats	↑	TBARS, GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH, CYP1A1	Chemopreventive, modulator drug-metabolizing enzymes	[150]
8.	Black cumin oil (Nigelle Sativa L)	200	F344 rats
9.	Coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum)	10% powdered coriander seeds	Sprague Dawley rats	↓	Cholesterol	Antihyperlipedemic, membrane fluidity, and integrity	[57]
				↑	Phospholipids, Neutral salts, Bile acids
10.	Amorphophallus campanulatus	250	Male Wistar rats	↑	GSH, GST, GR, GPx, CAT	Chemopreventive, antiproliferative	[151]
11.	Bis-1,7-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione (a curcumin analog)	80	Male Wistar rats	↑	GSH, GPx, GST, SOD, CAT	Chemopreventive, detoxification of carcinogen	[152]
12.	Silibinin	50	Male Wistar rats	↓	CYP450, CYP 450 2E1, b5 red, CYP450red, TBARS, LPO, CD	Chemopreventive, modulator phases I and II	[153]
				↑	GST, UDPGT, DTD, SOD, CAT, GPx		[53]
13.	Aloin	100/p.o.	Wistar rats	↓	MDA, TNF	Inhibit tumor promotion, anti-inflammatory	[154]
				↑	SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, GR, GST
14.	Ellagic acid	60/p.o.	Wistar rats	↓	LPO, pAKT, Bcl-2	Chemopreventive, proapoptotic, inhibit carcinogen activation	[155, 156]
				↑	SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST, GSH, Vit C and E, Total AKT, BAX, CytC, Cas 3
		40/p.o	Wistar rats	↓	Cathepsin D, ALP, LDH, ODC, c-myc		[157]
15.	Diclofenac	8/p.o.	Male Sprague Dawley rats	↓	COX-2, NF-κB	Chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory	[158]
				↑	PPARγ, Apaf
16.	Ginger (Z. officinale Rosc)	50/p.o.	Wistar rats	↑	SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, GR, GSH, VIT A, E, C	Inhibiting during imitation stage, increase antioxidant	[159]
17.	Capsaicin	50/p.o.	Wistar rats	↓	ALT, AST, Caspase-3	Reduced cell proliferation, chemopreventive	[160]
18.	Morin	50/p.o.	Male albino Wistar rats	↓	TNF-α, COX-2, IL-6, PGE-2, NF-κB,	Anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic	[161]
19.	Naringenin	50/p.o.	Male albino Wistar rats	↓	ROS, MDA, TNF-α, NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS	Chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory	[162]
20.	Orientin	10/i.p.	Male albino Wistar rats	↓	NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, mast cells	Chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory	[163]
21.	Green tea	1% (W/V) mixed with drinking water	Male albino Wistar rats	↓	NF-κB, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, VEGF, MMP	Anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic	[164]
22.	Copaifera langsdorffii	40/p.o.	Male albino Wistar rats	↓	Comet, ACF	Chemopreventive	[165]
23.	β-Sitosterol	20/p.o.	Male albino Wistar rats	↓	ACF, crypt multiplicity	Chemopreventive	[166]
24.	6-Methylsulfinyl hexyl isothiocyanate	40/p.o.	F344 rats	↓	ACF, BCAC, PCNA	Chemopreventive, antiproliferative	[167]