Table 2.
Relative risk (95% CI) of cardiovascular events according to categories of total olive oil intake
| Categories of olive oil intake | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never or <1/month | >0–≤4.5 g/d (>0 to ≤1 teaspoon) | >4.5–≤ 7 g/d >1 teaspoon to ≤1/2 | >7 g/d (>1/2 TBS) | P for trend | HR (95% CI) for 5 g increase in | ||
|
TOTAL CVD: fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction + fatal and nonfatal stroke | |||||||
| NHS | Mean total olive oil | 0 | 1.5 (± 1.2) | 5.6 (± 0.7) | 11.7 (± 5.7) | ||
| N° cases/ Person-years | 1971/399686 | 2658/638583 | 367/106313 | 491/150743 | |||
| Incidence rate | 0.49% | 0.41% | 0.34% | 0.32% | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.81 (0.77, 0.86) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) | 0.69 (0.62, 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.87 (0.84, 0.90) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.95) | 0.01 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.97) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) | 0.88 (0.78, 0.98) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.98) | 0.05 | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | |
| HPFS | Mean total olive oil | 0 | 1.5 (± 1.2) | 5.6 (± 0.7) | 11.2 (± 5.4) | ||
| N° cases/ Person-years | 1696/191480 | 2041/308406 | 258/45995 | 315/55468 | |||
| Incidence rate | 0.88% | 0.66% | 0.56% | 0.56% | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.85) | 0.69 (0.60, 0.78) | 0.72 (0.64, 0.82) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.84, 0.93) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) | 0.77 (0.67, 0.88) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.93) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 0.77 (0.68, 0.89) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) | 0.004 | 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) | |
| Pooled Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.93) | 0.83 (0.76, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | |
|
CORONARY HEART DISEASE: fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction | |||||||
| NHS | N° cases/ Person-years | 1078/400215 | 1373/639428 | 181/106445 | 250/150908 | ||
| Incidence rate | 0.27% | 0.21% | 0.17% | 0.16% | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.79 (0.72, 0.85) | 0.66 (0.56, 0.77) | 0.65 (0.57, 0.75) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.84 (0.73, 0.98) | 0.03 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.03) | 0.13 | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) | |
| HPFS | N° cases/ Person-years | 1310/191843 | 1440/308891 | 193/46046 | 209/55564 | ||
| Incidence rate | 0.68% | 0.46% | 0.42% | 0.37% | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79) | 0.68 (0.58, 0.79) | 0.63 (0.54, 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) | 0.78 (0.66, 0.91) | 0.74 (0.63, 0.86) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.86, 0.97) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.81 (0.75, 0.87) | 0.79 (0.67, 0.92) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.87) | 0.001 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | |
|
STROKE: fatal and nonfatal stroke | |||||||
| NHS | N° cases/ Person-years | 906/400164 | 1308/639362 | 185/106427 | 245/150884 | ||
| Incidence rate | 0.22% | 0.20% | 0.17% | 0.16% | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.77 (0.67, 0.89) | 0.001 | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.17 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.01) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.31 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.02) | |
| HPFS | N° cases/ Person-years | 386/192081 | 601/309197 | 65/46093 | 106/55573 | ||
| Incidence rate | 0.20% | 0.19% | 0.14% | 0.19% | |||
| Age-adjusted model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 0.73 (0.56, 0.95) | 1.02 (0.82, 1.27) | 0.43 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) | |
| Multivariable model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.99) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 0.69 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | |
| Multivariable model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.18) | 0.75 (0.57, 0.99) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.35) | 0.68 | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | |
| Pooled model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.12) | 0.29 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | |
Results are expressed as Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). Abbreviations: NHS, Nurses’ Health Study, HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Model 2 was adjusted for age (years), ethnicity (white, non-white), Southern European/Mediterranean ancestry (yes, no), smoking status (never, former, current smoker 1-14 cigarettes per day, 15-24 cigarettes per day, or ≥ 25 cigarettes per day), alcohol intake (0, 0.1-4.9,5.0-9.9,10.0-14.9, and ≥ 15.0 g/d), physical activity (<3.0,3.0-8.9,9.0-17.9,18.0-26.9,≥27.00 metabolic equivalent task-h/week), family history of diabetes (yes/no), family history of myocardial infarction (yes/no), family history of cancer (yes/no), baseline diabetes mellitus (yes/no), baseline hypertension or antihypertensive medication use (yes/no), baseline hypercholesterolemia or cholesterol-lowering medication use (yes/no), multivitamin use (yes/no), aspirin use (yes/no), in women postmenopausal status and menopausal hormone use [premenopausal, postmenopausal (no, past, or current hormone use), total energy intake (kilocalories per day) and body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divides by height in meters squared). Model 3 was additionally adjusted for red meat, fruits and vegetables, nuts, soda, whole grains intake (in quintiles), and trans fat. Results were pooled with the use of fixed-effect models. Adjusting for multiple testing using the Bonferroni corrections did not change the main results, as the P values for the pooled analyses were <0.001.