Table 2.
Odds of Having Interstitial Lung Abnormalities on Enrollment High-Resolution Computed Tomography, Based on Self-reported Occupational and Environmental Exposures
| Exposure | n (%) of Subjects Exposed (n = 265) | Univariable |
Multivariable* |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P Value | FDR P Value | aOR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Dusts | ||||||
| Grain | 44 (16.6) | 1.34 (0.60–3.00) | 0.4717 | 0.6119 | — | — |
| Hay | 67 (25.3) | 1.70 (0.85–3.38) | 0.1329 | 0.3038 | — | — |
| Asbestos | 39 (14.7) | 1.44 (0.62–3.22) | 0.3903 | 0.5476 | — | — |
| Silica or sand | 38 (14.3) | 1.04 (0.44–2.46) | 0.9330 | 0.9330 | — | — |
| Mica feldspar | 5 (1.9) | 2.37 (0.33–16.84) | 0.3847 | 0.5476 | — | — |
| Coal | 22 (8.3) | 3.33 (1.24–8.99) | 0.0177 | 0.1340 | — | — |
| Rock | 34 (12.8) | 2.44 (1.06–5.64) | 0.0368 | 0.1472 | — | — |
| Clay or ceramics | 27 (10.2) | 1.83 (0.72–4.65) | 0.2022 | 0.3801 | — | — |
| Wood | 71 (26.8) | 2.00 (1.03–3.89) | 0.0409 | 0.1510 | — | — |
| Fiberglass | 37 (14.0) | 2.04 (0.91–4.61) | 0.0851 | 0.2150 | — | — |
| Cotton | 29 (10.9) | 1.96 (0.80–4.84) | 0.1418 | 0.3094 | — | — |
| Fumes | ||||||
| Welding | 42 (15.9) | 2.60 (1.22–5.53) | 0.0138 | 0.1325 | — | — |
| Metal fume | 35 (13.2) | 1.82 (0.77–4.29) | 0.1707 | 0.3562 | — | — |
| Ferrous sulfate | 9 (3.4) | 1.66 (0.35–7.77) | 0.5183 | 0.6547 | — | — |
| Aluminum smelting | 9 (3.4) | 13.95 (2.44–79.79) | 0.0033 | 0.0528 | 14.88 (2.67–97.73) | 0.005 |
| Plastic | 26 (9.8) | 2.86 (1.10–7.39) | 0.0307 | 0.1340 | — | — |
| Gases | ||||||
| Hydrogen sulfide | 4 (1.5) | 8.85 (0.74–105.7) | 0.0845 | 0.2150 | — | — |
| Sulfur oxide | 7 (2.6) | 8.52 (1.36–53.29) | 0.0223 | 0.1340 | — | — |
| Nitrogen oxide | 8 (3.0) | 3.40 (0.70–16.40) | 0.1270 | 0.3038 | — | — |
| Carbon monoxide | 33 (12.6) | 2.68 (1.13–6.35) | 0.0255 | 0.1340 | — | — |
| Ethylene oxide | 9 (3.4) | 5.88 (1.19–29.14) | 0.0305 | 0.1340 | — | — |
| Ozone | 5 (1.9) | 2.66 (0.21–13.33) | 0.6294 | 0.7102 | — | — |
| Elements and metals | ||||||
| Arsenic | 4 (1.5) | 4.07 (0.46–36.24) | 0.2059 | 0.3801 | — | — |
| Cadmium | 7 (2.6) | 1.32 (0.22–8.04) | 0.7594 | 0.8100 | — | — |
| Chromium | 10 (3.8) | 2.35 (0.56–9.82) | 0.2407 | 0.4126 | — | — |
| Copper | 23 (8.7) | 3.17 (1.18–8.49) | 0.0224 | 0.1340 | — | — |
| Lead | 27 (10.2) | 3.73 (1.50–9.25) | 0.0049 | 0.0588 | 2.91 (1.05–8.05) | 0.04 |
| Mercury | 14 (5.3) | 1.81 (0.52–6.29) | 0.3508 | 0.5432 | — | — |
| Beryllium | 4 (1.5) | 9.85 (0.84–116.17) | 0.0689 | 0.2149 | — | — |
| Hard metal | 14 (5.3) | 1.37 (0.37–5.02) | 0.6352 | 0.7102 | — | — |
| Zinc | 13 (4.9) | 2.19 (0.60–7.95) | 0.2305 | 0.4098 | — | — |
| Nickel | 10 (3.8) | 1.44 (0.31–6.63) | 0.6362 | 0.7102 | — | — |
| Chemicals | ||||||
| Acid | 22 (8.3) | 2.48 (0.91–6.77) | 0.0761 | 0.2149 | — | — |
| Alkali | 15 (5.7) | 2.93 (0.92–9.35) | 0.0699 | 0.2149 | — | — |
| Ammonia | 54 (20.4) | 1.23 (0.58–2.61) | 0.5812 | 0.6974 | — | — |
| Detergent | 87 (32.8) | 1.16 (0.61–2.21) | 0.6563 | 0.7160 | — | — |
| Dyes | 18 (6.8) | 1.39 (0.43–4.48) | 0.5807 | 0.6974 | — | — |
| Pesticides | 59 (22.3) | 1.44 (0.70–2.97) | 0.3197 | 0.5115 | — | — |
| Herbicides | 46 (17.4) | 1.65 (0.72–3.57) | 0.2024 | 0.3801 | — | — |
| Rodenticides | 13 (4.9) | 1.70 (0.45–6.37) | 0.4300 | 0.5733 | — | — |
| Resins | 21 (7.9) | 1.06 (0.34–3.37) | 0.9175 | 0.9330 | — | — |
| Formaldehyde | 16 (6.0) | 2.83 (0.90–8.89) | 0.0755 | 0.2149 | — | — |
| Organic antigens | ||||||
| Birds | 51 (19.3) | 3.40 (1.63–7.09) | 0.0012 | 0.0528 | 3.37 (1.53–7.41) | 0.003 |
| Mold | 63 (23.8) | 2.89 (1.45–5.77) | 0.0028 | 0.0528 | 3.83 (1.78–8.25) | 0.001 |
| Hot tubs | 42 (15.9) | 0.90 (0.38–2.12) | 0.8070 | 0.8421 | — | — |
| Flooding | 21 (7.9) | 1.79 (0.63–5.09) | 0.2698 | 0.4466 | — | — |
| Leaking pipes | 15 (5.7) | 1.69 (0.50–5.68) | 0.3926 | 0.5476 | — | — |
| Basement water | 38 (14.3) | 0.66 (0.24–1.76) | 0.3993 | 0.5476 | — | — |
Definition of abbreviations: aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; FDR = false discovery rate; OR = odds ratio.
*
Each exposure with an FDR-adjusted P < 0.1 is included in a multivariable model adjusted for age, smoking status, MUC5B genotype, and telomere restriction fragment length, with one exposure included per model.