Table 1.

Demographic and Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Comparisons Between Survivors and Nonsurvivors

Variables	No Events (n=2290)	Cardiac Mortality (n=224)	Secondary Outcomes (Transplant/LVAD) (n=121)	P Value*
Age, y	55.6±14	61.0±13†	50.3±13‡	<0.0001
BMI, kg/m2	28.7±6.1	27.8±5.6	27.7±5.8†	0.022
Ejection fraction, %	36.7±15.8	31.1±13.4†	22.6±11.7‡	<0.0001
NYHA Class	2.32±0.83	2.69±0.77†	3.06±0.69‡	<0.0001
Medications (n%)
β-Blocker	1410 (66.1)	112 (55.2)†	88 (73.9)§	0.001
ACE inhibitor	1261 (55.1)	135 (60.3)	72 (59.5)	0.229
Diuretic	1056 (54.5)	93 (60.8)	98 (82.4)‡	<0.0001
Exercise test responses‖
Resting heart rate, beats/min	75±14	80±16†	75±15§	<0.0001
Maximal heart rate, beats/min	130±26	122±22†	110±27‡	<0.0001
Peak VO2 , ml·kg−1·min−1	18.8±8.5	14.9±5.6†	12.1±3.8‡	<0.0001
Peak RER	1.10±0.14	1.10±0.17	1.14±0.16‡	0.008
HRR, beats	20.1±13.4	13.7±10.3†	15.9±11.8†	<0.0001
VE/VCO2 slope	32.5±8.6	37.6±11.7†	42.3±11.7‡	<0.0001
OUES	2.09±0.89	1.60±0.65†	1.31±0.61†	<0.0001
PetCO2, mm Hg	33.9±4.6	32.6±4.4†	31.5±3.9†	<0.0001
Weighted summed score	5.26±4.3	7.4±4.6†	8.6±4.2‡	<0.0001

ACE indicates angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; HRR, heart rate recovery at 1 min; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OUES, oxygen uptake efficiency slope; PetCO₂, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure; and RER, respiratory exchange ratio.

^*P value represents main effect.

^†P<0.05 vs no events.

^‡P<0.05 vs no events and cardiac mortality.

^§P<0.05 vs cardiac mortality.

^‖Using standard clinical indications, reasons for stopping exercise included 22% overall fatigue/exhaustion, 31% shortness of breath/dyspnea, 22% leg fatigue, 6% chest discomfort, 5% claudication, 0.4% knee pain, and 13.6% for other reasons.