Table 3:
Logistic Regression Analysis of Tobacco-21 Laws and Smoking, Odds Ratio/ (t-statistic) /p-value
| Recent Smoking | Current Established Smoking | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
| Tobacco-21 law | 1.0551 | 1.7146 | 1.7475 | 0.8517 | 1.4094 | 1.4359 |
| (0.353) | (1.148) | (1.127) | (−1.031) | (0.884) | (0.876) | |
| p=0.72 | p=0.25 | p=0.26 | p=0.30 | p=0.38 | p=0.38 | |
| Age < 21 | 0.8470 | 0.8413 | 0.8366 | 0.6459** | 0.6280** | 0.6251** |
| (−1.498) | (−1.459) | (−1.501) | (−4.542) | (−4.443) | (−4.483) | |
| p=0.13 | p=0.14 | p=0.13 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |
| Tobacco-21 law * Age < 21 | 0.5931** | 0.6125* | 1.0698 | 0.6015* | 0.6116* | 0.9360 |
| (−2.770) | (−2.566) | (0.235) | (−2.279) | (−2.103) | (−0.217) | |
| p=0.01 | p=0.01 | p=0.81 | p=0.02 | p=0.04 | p=0.83 | |
| Tobacco-21 law * Age < 21 * Close friend smoked or vaped when R was 16 | 0.5039 | 0.5364** | ||||
| (−1.669) | (−3.467) | |||||
| p=0.10 | p=0.00 | |||||
| Tobacco-21 law * Age < 21* Parent smoked or vaped when R was 16 | 0.8294 | 1.0253 | ||||
| (−1.039) | (0.134) | |||||
| p=0.30 | p=0.89 | |||||
| Any parent smoke or vape when R was 16 | 1.4231** | 1.4262** | 1.4491** | 1.6612** | 1.6885** | 1.6847** |
| (2.822) | (2.722) | (2.579) | (5.026) | (4.957) | (4.601) | |
| p=0.00 | p=0.01 | p=0.01 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |
| Any close friend smoke or vape when R was 16 | 1.5683** | 1.5755** | 1.6744** | 1.7157** | 1.6789** | 1.7526** |
| (3.610) | (3.452) | (4.234) | (3.892) | (3.677) | (4.229) | |
| p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |
| Constant | 2.5893** | 3.1304** | 2.9618** | 2.1179** | 2.6513** | 2.5756** |
| (3.674) | (4.376) | (3.881) | (3.214) | (4.081) | (3.849) | |
| p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | p=0.00 | |
| State Fixed Effects | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| N | 1869 | 1857 | 1857 | 1869 | 1857 | 1857 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.059 | 0.083 | 0.084 | 0.109 | 0.129 | 0.129 |
| Dependent variable mean | 0.651 | 0.648 | 0.648 | 0.547 | 0.544 | 0.544 |
Notes: Logistic regression models consider how age 21 tobacco sales restrictions impact smoking at interview. Models compare 18 to 20 year-olds with 21 to 22 year-olds, and omit respondents from New York and Massachusetts, as those states’ restrictions are old enough that some 21 and 22 year-old respondents therein could have been bound by the restrictions when they were age-18. Controls not indicated in the table are the (state+local) combustible cigarette tax and fixed effects for the presence of comprehensive smokefree indoor air laws, male sex, race (Black, Multiple, other, with White as the reference group), Hispanic ethnicity, urbanicity (suburban, urban, with rural as the reference group), whether any parent attended college, and student status (current student, planning to enroll in the coming year, with non-student as the reference group). Columns 1 and 4 give main specification results; 2 and 5 add controls for state fixed effects; 3 and 6 add additional interaction terms listed in the table. Standard errors are clustered by state.
denote statistical significance at the 0.05(0.01) level.