Table 2.
STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING RESULTS (N = 255)a
| Variables | B | SE(B) | Z | p | β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Competence measured by: | |||||
| I can ask a person directly if she/he is a transgender person. | 1 | — | — | — | 0.738 |
| I can ask about bodily modifications she/he has conducted. | 0.067 | 18.066 | <.001 | 0.887 | |
| I can explore the side effects or health consequences of gender transitioning procedures. | 1.217 | 0.075 | 16.228 | <.001 | 0.898 |
| I can ask if a patient is currently using hormones. | 1.336 | 0.081 | 16.525 | <.001 | 0.986 |
| I can ask if a patient has ever been injected with silicone. | 1.292 | 0.079 | 16.427 | <.001 | 0.954 |
| I can ask him/her about illegal drug use. | 1.116 | 0.085 | 13.108 | <.001 | 0.824 |
| I can ask about engagement in sex work. | 1.131 | 0.072 | 15.688 | <.001 | 0.834 |
| I can explore history of mental health problems with a transgender patient. | 1.125 | 0.077 | 14.591 | <.001 | 0.830 |
| Willingness measured by: | |||||
| If I were to require information on how to improve my clinical services for transgender persons, I can obtain such information. | 1 | — | — | — | 0.653 |
| I can provide general health related services to a transgender person. | 1.145 | 0.085 | 13.497 | <.001 | 0.747 |
| I can speak with a transgender person in a clinical scenario with a feeling anxious. | 1.427 | 0.114 | 12.544 | <.001 | 0.931 |
| I can listen to a transgender person in a clinical scenario without being judgmental. | 1.484 | 0.116 | 12.759 | <.001 | 0.968 |
| I can feel comfortable when interacting with a transgender person in a clinical scenario. | 1.377 | 0.112 | 12.336 | <.001 | 0.898 |
| I can provide a referral to another physician that offers services to transgender persons. | 1.06 | 0.107 | 9.948 | <.001 | 0.691 |
| I can provide quality health services to the transgender population with the information I already have. | 1.088 | 0.09 | 12.099 | <.001 | 0.710 |
| I can provide specialized services to transgender persons based in my specific area of expertise. | 1.073 | 0.092 | 11.65 | <.001 | 0.700 |
| I can feel comfortable with a transgender person in a social scenario. | 1.332 | 0.111 | 12.027 | <.001 | 0.869 |
| Stigma measured by: | |||||
| If I found out that my best friend was changing their sex I would not support him/her. | 1 | — | — | — | 0.764 |
| Changing one sex is an affront God. | 1.213 | 0.112 | 10.869 | <.001 | 0.877 |
| Men who act like women should be ashamed of themselves. | 1.103 | 0.113 | 9.734 | <.001 | 0.820 |
| Children should play with toys appropriate to their own sex. | 0.625 | 0.102 | 6.158 | <.001 | 0.516 |
| Men who see themselves as women have a mental health problem. | 0.929 | 0.1 | 9.263 | <.001 | 0.721 |
| Feminine boys should be treated for their problems by a qualified health professionals. | 0.431 | 0.103 | 4.192 | <.001 | 0.366 |
| I would discourage my son/daughter from having a transgender friend. | 0.912 | 0.104 | 8.811 | <.001 | 0.710 |
| Sex change operation are morally wrong. | 1.123 | 0.113 | 9.899 | <.001 | 0.831 |
| Feminine men make me feel uncomfortable. | 1.151 | 0.097 | 11.886 | <.001 | 0.846 |
| People are either men or women; there should be no middle point. | 1.036 | 0.102 | 10.194 | <.001 | 0.783 |
| I would prefer that colleagues did not refer transgender women to my clinic. | 1.28 | 0.121 | 10.616 | <.001 | 0.910 |
| I would avoid sharing a practice with a colleague that provide services to transgender women. | 1.275 | 0.13 | 9.845 | <.001 | 0.907 |
| Stigma regressed on: | |||||
| Competence | −0.158 | 0.116 | −1.356 | 0.180 | −0.133 |
| Willingness | −0.414 | 0.140 | −2.963 | <.001 | −0.308 |
| Knowledge | −0.994 | 0.344 | −2.886 | 0.004 | −0.189 |
| Age (years) | −0.023 | 0.013 | −1.780 | 0.075 | −0.315 |
| Female Gender | −0.083 | 0.124 | −0.669 | 0.503 | −0.095 |
| Gay/Lesbian Orientation | −0.035 | 0.203 | −0.174 | 0.862 | −0.040 |
| Rural Location | 0.102 | 0.138 | 0.739 | 0.460 | 0.117 |
| Religionb | Wald χ2(3) = 22.46 | <.001 | |||
| Protestant | 0.556 | 0.155 | 3.590 | <.001 | 0.635 |
| None | −0.368 | 0.214 | −1.717 | 0.086 | −0.420 |
| Other | −0.283 | 0.206 | −1.373 | 0.170 | −0.322 |
| Religion Importancec | Wald χ2(3) = 8.17 | 0.043 | |||
| Somewhat important | −0.159 | 0.209 | −0.759 | 0.448 | −0.181 |
| Important | −0.061 | 0.225 | −0.269 | 0.788 | −0.069 |
| Very important | 0.299 | 0.244 | 1.227 | 0.220 | 0.341 |
| Religion Participationd | Wald χ2(2) = 4.33 | 0.115 | |||
| Various yearly | 0.094 | 0.145 | 0.65 | 0.516 | 0.108 |
| Weekly | 0.374 | 0.193 | 1.941 | 0.052 | 0.427 |
| Years Practicing | 0.024 | 0.013 | 1.888 | 0.059 | 0.330 |
| Transgender Training | −0.467 | 0.164 | −2.843 | 0.004 | −0.534 |
| Social Desirability | 0.44 | 0.103 | 4.25 | <.001 | 0.314 |
Notes:
a
Estimates (B) are averaged over 100 multiply-imputed data sets. Standard errors of B are based on Rubin’s rules for combining standard errors from multiple imputations. Z is the estimate divided by its standard error. p is the p-value for the test that the estimate is zero in the population. β is the standardized regression coefficient.
b
Reference group: Catholic
c
Reference group: Not important
d
Reference group: No participation