TABLE 1:
Summary of normalization approaches for metal ecotoxicity data sets from selected jurisdictions
| Jurisdiction (year) | Metal(s) | Toxicity-modifying factor(s) | Type of model | Procedure summary | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States (1983) | Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn | Hardness | Linear | • Model pooled for multiple species • Species mean calculated • Genus mean acute values used in SD • ACR used for chronic criterion calculation • One model for fish and invertebrates • Species mean acute value calculated • Genus mean acute values used in SD • ACR used for chronic criterion calculation • Chronic trophic level-specific models • Species mean used in SSD • DOC correction, driven by most sensitive species • Chronic trophic level-specific models • Species mean used in SSD • DOC correction, driven by most sensitive species • Chronic trophic level-specific models • Species mean used in SSD • Chronic trophic level-specific models • Species mean used in SSD • Chronic trophic level-specific models • Species mean used in SSD • Model developed from chronic single-species (fish) data set • Species value used in SSD • Separate acute and chronic models for fish and invertebrates • Species mean chronic values calculated • Genus mean chronic values used in SD • Chronic models applied to acute SD • Species-specific models proposed (chronic data) •Species mean used in SSD |
US Environmental Protection Agency (1987) |
| Hardness model in case study | |||||
| United States (2007) | Cu | Several water chemistry parameters | BLM | US Environmental Protection Agency (2007) | |
| United Kingdom (2009) | Cu, Zn, Mn Cu | Several water chemistry parameters | BLM Marine MLR | Environment Agency (2010, 2012a, 2012b, 2013) | |
| European Union (2010) | Ni Pb | Several water chemistry parameters | BLM MLR | European Commission (2010a, 2010b) | |
| France (2012) | Cu, Zn | Several water chemistry parameters | BLM | Tack (2012) | |
| Italy (2016) | Cu, Zn, Mn | Several water chemistry parameters | BLM | Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (2016) | |
| Sweden (2017) | Cu, Zn | Several water chemistry parameters | BLM | Swedish Marine and Water Authority (2016) | |
| Canada (2018) | Zn | Hardness, pH, DOC | MLR | Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (2018) | |
| MLR1-3 models in example | |||||
| United States (2018) | Al | Hardness, pH, DOC | MLR | US Environmental Protection Agency (2018) | |
| Australia/New Zealand (2018) | Zn | Hardness, pH, DOC | MLR | Australian and New Zealand Governments (2018b) | |
ACR = acute to chronic ratio; BLM = biotic ligand model; DOC = dissolved organic carbon; MLR = multiple linear regression; SD = sensitivity distribution; SSD = species sensitivity distribution.