Table 1.
Hepatoprotective effects of honey and chrysin against chemical or natural toxic agents
| Results | Constituents | In vitro/In vivo | Toxic agents | References |
| Decreased the serum levels of liver enzymes | Honey | Rabbit | Pb | [40] |
| Decreased the serum levels of liver enzymes, total bilirubin, and lipid peroxidation | Honey | Mice | Al | [56] |
| Decreased the serum levels of liver enzymes | Honey | Sheep | CC14 | [57] |
| Decreased the serum levels of ALT and AST. | Honey | Rat | [38] | |
| Decreased the elevated serum levels ALT, AST, ALP, and bilirubin Decreased the liver levels of MDA Increased liver weight, GSH content AND total protein t Improved cell necrosis, vacuolar degeneration, mononuclear cellular infiltration pyknotic nuclei and apoptotic bodies in the liver Increased the phosphorylase activity Decreased the carbohydrate intolerance and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) Modulated the expression of TNF-α and TGF-β. |
[58, 59, 61] | |||
| Decreased serum lipoprotein oxidation, MDA content Increased the activities of ALT , AST SOD and GST Decreased inflammatory cascade via Blockage of TNF-α-converting enzyme activity and TNF-α production | Honey Chrysin |
Mice | CCL4 | [60, 75] |
| Decreased the activities of serum AST, ALT, Il-1β and MDA content; Increased the GSH content and GPx activity; Improved the liver lesions Inhibited apoptosis and autophagy via decreasing the activity of caspase-3 and LC3B level. Decreased congestion, necrosis, hemorrhage, distorted hepatic architecture and nuclear inclusion |
Honey Chrysin |
Rat | Acetaminophen | [62, 63, 64] [68] |
| Decreased MDA level and expression of TGF-β Increased the activities of SOD and GPx | Honey | Rat | Bromobenzene | [65] |
| Decraesed NF-κ B expression, the liver levels of TNF-α and IL-1 β. | Honey | Rat | Metanil-yellow | [66] |
| Modulated the (ERK2)/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways in hepatocytes. | Chrysin | Rat | tBHP | [70] |
| Decreased lipid peroxidation, XO activity; Increased GSH content, CAT, GR, SOD, GPx, GST, G6PDD and QR enzyme activities; Ameliorated expression of COX-2, iNOS, levels of NF-κB, and TNF-α. |
Chrysin | Rat | Cisplatin | [72] |
| Modulated the activities of ADH, XO and CYP 2E1 a Decreased the levels of TBARS, lipid hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes Increased the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST, levels of GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E. |
Chrysin | Rat | Ethanol | [73, 74] |
| Ameliorated hepatic enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST and the levels of GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E. | Chrysin | Rat | GalN | [76] |
| Modulated the oxidative stress. | Chrysin | Rat | STZ | [92] |
| Increasing hepatic glutathione GSH, GPx, GR, SOD, and CAT Decreased lipid peroxidation. | Chrysin | Rat | MTX | [67] |
Pb: Lead; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; Al Aluminum; CAT: Catalase; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; TNF-α: tumor necrotic factor NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; STZ: Streptozotocin MTX: Methotrexate; CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride; tBHP: Tert-butyl hydroperoxide; GalN: D-galactosamine