Table 2.
Nephroprotective effects of honey and chrysin against chemical or natural toxic agents
| Results | Constituents | In vitro/In vivo | Toxic agents | References |
| Decreased the serum levels of BUN, Cr, MDA,TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-33 Increased the serum levels of GSH, the activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx and excretion of acetaminophen metabolites. |
Honey Chrysin |
Rat | Acetaminophen | [63,81] |
| Increasing GSH level,; Decreased; Inhibited apoptotic tissue damage by increasing caspase-3 activity and autophagic tissue injury by elevating the expression of LC3B | ||||
| Decreased the expression of NFkB. | Honey | Mice | Cisplatin | [78] |
| Decreased the serum levels of urea, Cr and uric acid Inhibited oxidative stress | Honey Chrysin |
Rat | [79, 88] | |
| Ameliorated the histopathologic alteration Decreased the expression of α-SMA and TGF-β1 | Honey | Human | [80] | |
| Decreased the serum levels of ALP, urea, uric acid, Cr, NO Decreased the kidney levels of MDA Increased the kidney levels of GSH Improved cell necrosis, intertubular infiltration and cloudy swelling in the kidney |
Honey Chrysin |
Rat | CC14 | [59, 89] |
| Inhibited glomerular podocyte apoptosis via reduction of DNA fragmentation, decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Apaf-1 activation and cytochrome c in renal podocytes; Ameliorated proteinuria and abnormal alterations in glomerular Protected podocyte injury via regulating ER stress. |
Chrysin | Mice | Glucose | [82] |
| Regulated the PPAR-γ and NF-κB signaling pathway | Chrysin | Rat | Adenine | [83] |
| Increased the serum levels of GSH, CAT, GPx, and SOD Decreased lipid peroxidation | Chrysin | Rat | TCDD | [85] |
| Increased antioxidant content in kidney tissue | Chrysin | Rat | DOX | [86] |
| Alleviated oxidative stress and apoptotic damage. | Chrysin | Rat | 5-FU | [87] |
| Decreased MDA, CYP 2E1, ADH, and XO Increased GSH, Gpx, CAT, and GR Modulated the ROS production | Chrysin | Rat | Ethanol | [73] |
SOD: superoxide dismutase; GST: glutathione-S-transferase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: glutathione; CAT: Catalase; IL-1β: interleukin-βp; TNF-α: tumor necrotic factor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; DOX: Doxorubicin; MTX: Methotrexate; CCl4: Carbon tetrachloride;TCDD: Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; 5-FU: 5-Fluorouracil.