Table 1:
Cluster Studies in LBD
| Gasparoli et al., 2002 134 | Dujardin et al., 2004 141 | Lewis et al., 2005 137 | Schrag et al., 2006 142 | Post et al., 2008 143 | Reijnders et al., 2009 145 | Van Rooden et al., 2011 144 | Fereshtehnejad et al., 2015 140 | Erro et al., 2016 138 | Fereshtehnejad et al., 2017 148 | Morenas-Rodriguez et al., 2018 146 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Design and Inclusion | |||||||||||
| Patients, n | 103 | 44 | 120 | 124 | 131 | 346 | 344 | 113 | 398 | 421 | 81 |
| Inclusion | PD Dx <5y | PD Dx <3y | PD HY I-III | None | De Novo PD | None | PROPARKa | None | PPMI | PPMI | Probable DLBb |
| Age, mean years (SD) | NS | 66 (median) | 64.4 (9.3) | 71.9 (11.0) | 66.7 (10.4) | 70.4c | 60.8 (11.3) | 66.7 (8.9) | 63.2c | 61.1 (9.7) | 59.3 (48) |
| Disease Duration, mean years (SD) | NS | 4 (median) | 7.8 (5.4) | 6.1 (4.4) | 1.7 (0.9) | 8.2 | 9.9 (6.2) | 5.7 (4.2) | NS | 0.5 (0.5) | 5.0 (3.2) |
| Clustering Algorithm Type | NS | K-Means | K-means | K-Means | K-Means | K-Means | Model Based | K-means and agglomerative hierarchical | K-means | Agglomerative hierarchical | K-means |
| Variables Included in Clustering Solution | |||||||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||||
| Age of Onset | |||||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Motor Features | |||||||||||
| UPDRSII | Motor Parkinsonismd | ||||||||||
| UPDRS III | Motor Parkinsonismd | ||||||||||
| Rate of Motor Progression | |||||||||||
| Motor Phenotype | |||||||||||
| Motor Complications (fluctuations, dyskinesias) |
|||||||||||
| Non-Motor Features | |||||||||||
| Depression | |||||||||||
| Anxiety | |||||||||||
| Apathy | |||||||||||
| Autonomic Dysfunction | |||||||||||
| RBD | |||||||||||
| Cognition | |||||||||||
| Hallucinations | |||||||||||
| Clustering Solutions | |||||||||||
| N | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Characteristics | Older age/ rapid progression (39%) Younger age/slower progression (61%) |
Worse motor and cognitive impairment (36%) Milder motor and preserved cognition (59%) |
Young onset (41%) Tremor dominant (17%) Non-tremor dominant (26%) Rapid motor progression (17%) |
Young onset more depression (36%) Older onset more rapid progression (64%) |
Young onset (34%) Intermediate age onset (27%) Oldest age onset, more rapid motor progression (40%) |
Young Onset (29%) Tremor dominant (47%) Non tremor predominant with psychopathology (17%) Rapid disease progression (6%) |
Young mild (49%) Youngest with motor and non-motor complications (13%) Older and intermediately affected (30%) Diffuse and severely affected (8%) |
Mainly motor (38%) Intermediate (27%) Diffuse malignant (35%) |
Mild motor/slow progression (45%) Worse motor (38%) Worse motor and non-motor burden (17%) |
Mild motor predominant (52%) Intermediate (38%). Diffuse malignant (9%) |
Cognitive predominant (57%) Neuro-psychiatric predominant (27%) Parkinsonism predominant (16%) |
Abbreviations: PD: parkinson’s disease. Dx: diagnosis. HY: Hoehn and Yahr. PPMI: Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative. NS: not stated. RBD: REM sleep behavior disorder (either reported of polysomnogram proven)
Grey boxes indicate variables used to determine clusters
a
PROPARK Cohort from Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, et al. Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2007;78(11):1182–1187
b
Probable DLB from McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005;65(12):1863–1872.
c
Derived from cluster averages
d
Motor parkinsonism derived from chart review, not UPDRS parts II and III