Table II.
Sample Characteristics per Exposure Group
| Prenatal opioid exposure (n = 94) | Prenatal alcohol exposure (n = 131) | Prenatal tobacco exposure (n = 115) | No prenatal exposure (n = 38) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls, n (%) | 49 (52.1%) | 66 (50.4%) | 62 (53.9%) | 17 (44.7%) | .79 |
| Age at testing in months (Bayley cognitive scale), mean (SD) | 12.58 (8.02) | 13.32 (8.25) | 11.60 (6.61) | 12.84 (7.68) | .10 |
| n = 176 (test administrations) | n = 264 (test administrations) | n = 235 (test administrations) | n = 67 (test administrations) | ||
| Age at testing in months (Bayley language scale), mean (SD) | 11.42 (6.94) | 12.29 (7.75) | 10.57 (5.98) | 12.29 (7.35) | .07 |
| n = 149 (test administrations) | n = 222 (test administrations) | n = 202 (test administrations) | n = 57 (test administrations) | ||
| Birth weight in milligrams, mean (SD) | 3,177.93 (597.23) | 3,127.41 (658.45) | 3,078.43 (632.85) | 3,093.05 (736.55) | .73 |
| n = 94 | n = 131 | n = 113 | n = 37 | ||
| Birth head circumference in centimeters, mean (SD) | 34.39 (1.66) | 34.06 (2.00) | 34.01 (2.15) | 33.56 (3.03) | .32 |
| n = 83 | n = 110 | n = 98 | n = 25 | ||
| Gestational age in weeks, mean (SD) | 38.67 (2.28) | 39.10 (2.55) | 39.13 (2.69) | 38.63 (3.40) | .46 |
| n = 94 | n = 124 | n = 113 | n = 38 | ||
| SGA, n (%) | 7 (7.4%) | 13 (10.5%) | 11 (10.0%) | 4 (10.5%) | .88 |
| n = 94 | n = 124 | n = 110 | n = 38 | ||
| NAS, n (%) | 13 (31.7%) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| n = 41 | |||||
| Not discharged to biological parent(s), n (%) | 7 (12.7%) | 13 (17.8%) | 9 (12.0%) | 3 (17.6%) | .73 |
| n = 55 | n = 73 | n = 75 | n = 17 | ||
| Maternal education, median (IQR) | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (0) | .08 |
| n = 48 | n = 71 | n = 76 | n = 8 |
Abbreviations: NA = not applicable; NAS = neonatal abstinence syndrome; SGA = small for gestational age. Note. Age at testing was calculated across all test administrations. Maternal education was divided into six levels (1 = less than middle school education, 2 = middle school education or equivalent, 3 = high school education and/or non-university education, 4 = university education < 3 years, 5 = university education 3-4 years, 6 = university education > 4 years). SGA was defined as having a birth weight in the 22nd percentile or lower. Statistical significance of group differences were calculated with analyses of variance (birth weight, head circumference, gestational age, and maternal education), chi-square tests (sex, SGA, and not discharged to biological parents), and linear mixed models (age at testing).