Table 3. Baseline characteristics according to pattern of beta blocker use.
| Baseline characteristics | Regular user (n=53,991) | Irregular user (n=16,770) | Non-user (n=10,991) | p (all 3) | p (1 vs.2) | p (2 vs.3) | p (1 vs.3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 60 (51–69) | 61 (51–71) | 62 (52–71) | - | - | - | - | |
| Male | 41,426 (76.73) | 12,477 (74.40) | 8,243 (75.00) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2635 | <0.0001 | |
| Study enrollment | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| 2005–2008 | 17,629 (32.65) | 6,229 (37.14) | 5,138 (46.75) | |||||
| 2009–2011 | 16,477 (30.52) | 4,945 (29.49) | 2,639 (24.01) | |||||
| 2012–2014 | 19,885 (36.83) | 5,596 (33.37) | 3,214 (29.24) | |||||
| Underlying medical condition | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 26,685 (49.42) | 7,944 (47.37) | 5,135 (46.72) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2885 | <0.0001 | |
| DM | 14,656 (27.15) | 4,708 (28.07) | 3,090 (28.11) | 0.0164 | 0.0185 | 0.9422 | 0.0377 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 14,653 (27.14) | 4,494 (26.8) | 3,094 (28.15) | 0.0392 | 0.3841 | 0.0134 | 0.0302 | |
| Previous stroke, all type | 3,968 (7.35) | 1,564 (9.33) | 1,024 (9.32) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.9788 | <0.0001 | |
| Previous MI | 1,728 (3.20) | 705 (4.20) | 526 (4.79) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0213 | <0.0001 | |
| CHF | 2,340 (4.33) | 912 (5.44) | 563 (5.12) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2511 | 0.0003 | |
| History of malignancy | 1,363 (2.52) | 518 (3.09) | 317 (2.88) | 0.0002 | <0.0001 | 0.3289 | 0.0303 | |
| Charlson comorbidity score | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0265 | 0.0005 | |
| ≤1 | 36,729 (68.03) | 11,030 (65.77) | 7,287 (66.30) | |||||
| 2–3 | 10,364 (19.20) | 3,245 (19.35) | 2,149 (19.55) | |||||
| 4–5 | 4,821 (8.93) | 1,640 (9.78) | 1,082 (9.84) | |||||
| ≥6 | 2,077 (3.85) | 855 (5.10) | 473 (4.30) | |||||
| Type of stent | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| BMS | 2,262 (4.19) | 766 (4.57) | 592 (5.39) | |||||
| 1st generation DES | 14,902 (27.60) | 5,262 (31.38) | 4,044 (36.79) | |||||
| 2nd generation DES | 36,827 (68.21) | 10,742 (64.05) | 6,355 (57.82) | |||||
| Number of stents | 0.0288 | 0.0047 | 0.1918 | 0.7611 | ||||
| 1 | 4,4670 (82.74) | 13,922 (83.02) | 9,088 (82.69) | |||||
| 2 | 6,096 (11.29) | 1,770 (10.55) | 1,228 (11.17) | |||||
| ≥3 | 3,225 (5.97) | 1,078 (6.43) | 675 (6.14) | |||||
| In-hospital medication | ||||||||
| Dual antiplatelet agent | 48,896 (90.56) | 15,261 (91.00) | 10,044 (91.38) | 0.0125 | 0.0881 | 0.2729 | 0.0069 | |
| RAAS blocker | 43,658 (80.86) | 12,835 (76.54) | 7,149 (65.04) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Beta-blocker | 48,524 (89.87) | 12,850 (76.62) | 2,511 (22.85) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| CCB | 2,021 (3.74) | 786 (4.69) | 630 (5.73) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Statin | 44,834 (83.04) | 1,692 (81.65) | 8,733 (79.46) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| High intensity statin | 14,755 (27.33) | 4,125 (24.60) | 2,073 (18.86) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Thiazide | 1,510 (2.80) | 600 (3.58) | 402 (3.66) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.7276 | <0.0001 | |
| Loop diuretics | 7,963 (14.75) | 3,010 (17.95) | 2,033 (18.50) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.2466 | <0.0001 | |
| Spironolactone | 5,683 (10.53) | 2,085 (12.43) | 1,272 (11.57) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0316 | 0.0012 | |
| Vasodilators | 27,255 (50.48) | 8,619 (51.40) | 5,935 (54.00) | <0.0001 | 0.0385 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Vasopressor | 9,322 (17.27) | 3,129 (18.66) | 2,335 (21.24) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Followed medication | ||||||||
| Dual antiplatelet agent | 31,584 (58.50) | 8,369 (49.90) | 6,745 (61.37) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Aspirin users | 15,556 (28.81) | 4,276 (25.50) | 2,693 (24.50) | |||||
| Clopidogrel users | 6,363 (11.79) | 1,760 (10.49) | 1,008 (9.17) | |||||
| No antiplatelet agents | 488 (0.90) | 2,365 (14.10) | 545 (4.96) | |||||
| RAAS blocker | 39,369 (72.92) | 6,784 (40.45) | 6,089 (55.40) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| CCB | 4,192 (7.76) | 967 (5.77) | 1,026 (9.33) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Statin | 46,501 (86.13) | 8,948 (53.36) | 7,991 (72.70) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| High intensity statin | 11,962 (22.16) | 3,329 (19.85) | 1,541 (14.02) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Thiazide | 2,580 (4.78) | 498 (2.97) | 569 (5.18) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0762 | |
| Loop diuretics | 5,535 (10.25) | 1,287 (7.67) | 1,195 (10.87) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0515 | |
| Spironolactone | 3,014 (5.58) | 571 (3.40) | 612 (5.57) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.9528 | |
| Vasodilators | 18,320 (33.93) | 3,999 (23.85) | 4,088 (37.19) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Number of antihypertensives | 1.85±0.59 | 0.49±0.62 | 0.70±0.67 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Number of antihypertensives | 2 (2–2) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | - | - | - | - | |
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range), number (%), or mean±standard deviation.
BMS = bare metal stent; CCB = calcium channel blocker; CHF = congestive heart failure; DES = drug-eluting stent; DM = diabetes mellitus; MI = myocardial infarction; RAAS = Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.