Table 2. Characteristics of the study participants by BP levels and antihypertensive medication usage according to the 2018 KSH guideline.
| Variables | SBP/DBP categories among participants untreated for hypertension (mmHg) | Taking antihypertensive medication (n=11,856) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal BP (<120/80) (n=26,619) | Elevated BP (120–129/<80) (n=3,386) | Prehypertension (130–139/80–89) (n=11,299) | Stage 1 HTN (140–159/90–99) (n=5,238) | Stage 2 HTN (≥160/100) (n=1,369) | |||
| % of study population | 48.5 (47.8–49.1) | 5.2 (5.0–5.5) | 20.3 (19.9–20.8) | 8.7 (8.4–9.0) | 2.3 (2.1–2.5) | 15.0 (14.6–15.3) | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 40.1 (39.5–40.8) | 54.7 (52.8–56.7) | 64.2 (63.2–65.2) | 66.9 (65.5–68.3) | 70.5 (67.8–73.2) | 47.6 (46.5–48.7) | |
| Female | 59.9 (59.2–60.5) | 45.3 (43.3–47.2) | 35.8 (34.8–36.8) | 33.1 (31.7–34.5) | 29.5 (26.8–32.2) | 52.4 (51.3–53.5) | |
| Age (year) | |||||||
| 20–29 | 26.5 (25.7–27.3) | 19.2 (17.2–21.3) | 15.6 (14.6–16.6) | 8.2 (7.1–9.4) | 4.3 (2.8–5.9) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) | |
| 30–39 | 27.5 (26.7–28.3) | 13.5 (12.0–15.1) | 21.5 (20.5–22.5) | 16.4 (15.1–17.7) | 17.2 (14.7–19.8) | 1.8 (1.5–2.2) | |
| 40–49 | 23.4 (22.7–24.1) | 14.8 (13.3–16.3) | 26.0 (24.9–27.0) | 26.7 (25.2–28.2) | 30.7 (27.7–33.7) | 10.8 (9.9–11.6) | |
| 50–59 | 14.0 (13.5–14.5) | 18.9 (17.4–20.4) | 22.3 (21.4–23.3) | 25.6 (24.2–28.2) | 26.7 (23.9–29.5) | 26.1 (25.0–27.1) | |
| 60–69 | 5.7 (5.4–6.0) | 18.0 (16.6–19.4) | 9.4 (8.8–9.9) | 12.9 (11.9–13.8) | 11.2 (9.6–12.7) | 30.0 (29.0–31.0) | |
| 70–79 | 2.5 (2.3–2.7) | 12.8 (11.6–14.0) | 4.4 (4.0–4.8) | 8.1 (7.4–8.8) | 7.5 (6.2–8.9) | 25.0 (24.1–25.9) | |
| 80+ | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 2.2 (1.8–2.5) | 2.3 (1.5–3.2) | 6.1 (5.6–6.6) | |
| Household income | |||||||
| Low | 10.4 (9.8–11.0) | 21.0 (19.4–22.7) | 12.4 (11.6–13.2) | 17.4 (16.1–18.6) | 17.9 (15.5–20.3) | 31.5 (30.3–32.7) | |
| Middle-low | 24.7 (23.9–25.6) | 26.6 (24.6–28.6) | 24.9 (23.8–26.0) | 25.5 (24.0–27.0) | 24.4 (21.7–27.0) | 25.8 (24.8–26.9) | |
| Middle-high | 31.9 (31.0–32.8) | 28.2 (26.2–30.2) | 30.3 (29.2–31.5) | 29.5 (27.9–31.1) | 31.3 (28.3–34.3) | 21.2 (20.2–22.2) | |
| High | 33.0 (31.9–34.0) | 24.1 (22.3–26.0) | 32.4 (31.1–33.7) | 27.6 (26.0–29.3) | 26.5 (23.6–29.3) | 21.4 (20.3–22.6) | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | 60.9 (60.2–61.6) | 54.5 (52.3–56.6) | 45.4 (44.3–46.5) | 42.5 (40.9–44.1) | 37.0 (34.1–39.9) | 55.9 (54.8–57.0) | |
| Previous smoker | 12.1 (11.6–12.6) | 16.3 (14.7–17.9) | 17.9 (17.0–18.8) | 18.1 (16.8–19.4) | 22.0 (19.2–24.9) | 21.6 (20.6–22.5) | |
| Current smoker | 27.0 (26.3–27.7) | 29.2 (27.2–31.3) | 36.7 (35.6–37.9) | 39.4 (37.8–41.1) | 41.0 (38.0–43.9) | 22.5 (21.5–23.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7 (22.7–22.8) | 24.0 (23.9–24.2) | 24.4 (24.3–24.5) | 25.1 (24.9–25.2) | 25.5 (25.3–25.8) | 25.3 (25.2–25.4) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183.8 (183.3–184.3) | 190.6 (189.–192.1) | 196.0 (195.2–196.8) | 200.0 (198.7–201.3) | 203.6 (201.4–205.8) | 187.0 (186.1–187.8) | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.7 (51.6–51.9) | 49.4 (48.9–49.9) | 49.1 (48.9–49.4) | 48.5 (48.1–48.9) | 48.2 (47.5–48.9) | 46.9 (46.6–47.1) | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 110.9 (109.7–112.2) | 137.8 (133.1–142.5) | 158.0 (154.5–161.5) | 178.0 (172–183.6) | 194.4 (184.6–204.3) | 160.2 (157.5–163.0) | |
| Lipid-lowering agent | 1.9 (1.8–2.1) | 5.5 (4.7–6.4) | 2.8 (2.5–3.2) | 2.9 (2.4–3.4) | 1.7 (0.9–2.4) | 24.4 (23.4–25.3) | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 93.1 (92.8–93.3) | 100.4 (99.4–101.3) | 99.0 (98.5–99.6) | 102.0 (101.2–102.8) | 104.9 (103.0–106.9) | 109.4 (108.8–110.1) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3.8 (3.6–4.1) | 11.5 (10.3–12.8) | 7.8 (7.2–.8.3) | 10.1 (9.1–2.9) | 10.7 (8.7–12.7) | 27.7 (26.6–28.7) | |
| GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 101.8 (101.4–102.1) | 94.6 (93.9–95.4) | 96.3 (95.9–96.7) | 93.2 (92.6–93.7) | 91.8 (90.8–92.8) | 81.9 (81.5–82.3) | |
| CKD | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 2.5 (1.9–3.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 2.4 (2.0–2.9) | 2.9 (1.9–3.8) | 11.1 (10.4–11.8) | |
| History of CVD | 2.4 (2.1–2.7) | 6.9 (5.7–8.2) | 4.3 (3.7–4.9) | 4.7 (3.8–5.6) | 2.7 (1.6–3.8) | 21.3 (20.1–22.5) | |
| Number of ASCVD risk factors according to the KSH guideline | |||||||
| 0 | 40.4 (39.6–41.1) | 19.2 (17.4–20.9) | 18.4 (17.5–19.3) | 10.3 (9.3–11.3) | 7.7 (6.0–9.5) | 5.0 (4.5–5.5) | |
| 1–2 | 47.5 (46.8–48.2) | 54.5 (52.4–56.5) | 56.5 (55.4–57.6) | 55.7 (54.1–57.3) | 53.3 (50.1–56.5) | 43.7 (42.6–44.8) | |
| ≥3 | 12.1 (11.6–12.6) | 26.4 (24.7–28.1) | 25.1 (24.1–26.1) | 34.0 (32.5–35.5) | 38.9 (35.9–42.0) | 51.3 (50.1–52.4) | |
| Predicted 10-year ASCVD risk according to the Korean Risk Prediction Model* | |||||||
| <5% | 94.6 (94.2–95.1) | 80.1 (77.7–82.4) | 87.0 (85.8–88.1) | 74.0 (72.6–75.4) | 60.4 (57.3–63.6) | 22.2 (20.5–23.9) | |
| ≥5% and <10% | 3.2 (2.9–3.6) | 8.8 (7.0–10.6) | 8.3 (7.4–9.2) | 14.7 (13.5–15.9) | 22.4 (19.6–25.2) | 25.9 (24.4–27.4) | |
| ≥10% and <20% | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 7.3 (6.0–8.5) | 3.5 (3.0–4.0) | 7.4 (6.6–8.1) | 11.9 (10.0–13.9) | 25.8 (24.4–27.2) | |
| ≥20% | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 3.8 (2.9–4.8) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 3.9 (3.4–4.4) | 5.2 (4.1–6.3) | 26.2 (24.7–27.6) | |
Values are presented as weighted % or mean (95% confidence interval). The study participants were grouped into the higher category of SBP and DBP. For example, if a person had an isolated elevation of SBP (150/80 mmHg), they were allocated in stage 1 hypertension group.
ASCVD = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI = body mass index; BP = blood pressure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HTN = hypertension; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; KSH = Korean Society of Hypertension; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
*High risk defined as a 10-year predicted ASCVD risk ≥10% or history of CVD. Predicted 10-year ASCVD risk was calculated among adults without a history of CVD.