Table 3.
Odds Ratios and 95% CIs for Hypertension Across Categories of Dairy Consumption Stratified by Sex, BMI Status and Family History of Hypertension
| <1 serv/wk | 1 serv/wk | 2–3 serv/wk | ≥4 serv/wk | P-trend* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males (n=29,858) | |||||
| N (%) | 1908 (6.4) | 7110 (23.8) | 14,532 (48.7) | 6308 (21.1) | |
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.39 (0.34–0.44) | 0.15 (0.13–0.17) | 0.14 (0.12–0.17) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.39 (0.34–0.44) | 0.15 (0.13–0.17) | 0.14 (0.12–0.17) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.43–0.61) | 0.24 (0.20–0.29) | 0.20 (0.16–0.25) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.48 (0.39–0.58) | 0.21 (0.17–0.26) | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.48 (0.39–0.58) | 0.21 (0.17–0.25) | 0.14 (0.11–0.18) | <0.001 |
| Females (n=37,153) | |||||
| N (%) | 2351 (6.3) | 8348 (22.5) | 17,233 (46.4) | 9221 (24.8) | |
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | 0.08 (0.07–0.09) | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.28 (0.25–0.31) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.46 (0.37–0.58) | 0.23 (0.18–0.29) | 0.16 (0.13–0.21) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.45 (0.36–0.57) | 0.23 (0.18–0.29) | 0.16 (0.12–0.20) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.46 (0.36–0.58) | 0.23 (0.18–0.30) | 0.16 (0.12–0.21) | <0.001 |
| Normal-Weight (n=51,837) | |||||
| N (%) | 3345 (6.5) | 12,382 (23.9) | 24,650 (47.6) | 11,461 (22.1) | |
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.34 (0.31–0.38) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.34 (0.31–0.38) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.44–0.61) | 0.24 (0.21–0.29) | 0.16 (0.13–0.20) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.49 (0.41–0.58) | 0.23 (0.19–0.27) | 0.15 (0.12–0.18) | <0.001 |
| Overweight or Obese (n=15,174) | |||||
| N (%) | 914 (6.0) | 3076 (20.3) | 7115 (46.9) | 4068 (26.8) | |
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.26 (0.21–0.31) | 0.09 (0.08–0.11) | 0.09 (0.07–0.11) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.26 (0.21–0.31) | 0.09 (0.08–0.11) | 0.09 (0.07–0.11) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.40 (0.31–0.52) | 0.21 (0.16–0.27) | 0.18 (0.14–0.24) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.39 (0.30–0.51) | 0.19 (0.15–0.25) | 0.15 (0.11–0.21) | <0.001 |
| Not-Having Family History of Hypertension (n=53,926) | |||||
| N (%) | 3344 (6.2) | 12,348 (22.9) | 25,701 (47.7) | 12,533 (23.2) | |
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.30 (0.28–0.34) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.30 (0.28–0.34) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.48 (0.41–0.56) | 0.23 (0.20–0.27) | 0.16 (0.13–0.19) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.45 (0.39–0.53) | 0.21 (0.18–0.25) | 0.14 (0.11–0.17) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.46 (0.39–0.54) | 0.21 (0.18–0.25) | 0.13 (0.11–0.16) | <0.001 |
| Having Family History of Hypertension (n=13,085) | |||||
| N (%) | 915 (7.0) | 3110 (23.8) | 6064 (46.3) | 2996 (22.9) | |
| Crude | 1.00 | 0.36 (0.30–0.43) | 0.12 (0.10–0.15) | 0.12 (0.09–0.15) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.36 (0.30–0.43) | 0.12 (0.10–0.14) | 0.11 (0.09–0.14) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.55 (0.41–0.73) | 0.28 (0.21–0.37) | 0.28 (0.20–0.39) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.52 (0.39–0.71) | 0.27 (0.20–0.36) | 0.26 (0.18–0.36) | <0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) | 0.26 (0.19–0.72) | 0.24 (0.17–0.35) | <0.001 |
Notes: Data are presented as OR (95% CI). *Obtained from binary logistic regression, Model 1: adjusted for age and sex (not included in the sex-stratified analysis). Model 2: additionally adjusted for marital status, education, occupation, physical activity, economic status, smoking, sleep pattern, family history of hypertension (not included in the stratified analysis based on family history of hypertension) and diabetes, breakfast skipping and supplement use. Model 3: further adjustment for dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, fast foods, sugar-sweetened beverages, whole grains, and sweets and desserts. Model 4: additionally control for BMI (not included in the BMI status-stratified analysis).