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. 2020 May 18;11:2479. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16262-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — S₁ and S₂ are two identical metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) as ideal switches, C_in denotes the input capacitor and C_out denote the output capacitor. L denotes the inductor. v_in and v_out are input and output voltages, respectively. The buck/boost converter can be divided into five components, as labelled in red: a dc reference signal, a PWM modulator, a power amplifier, a power demodulator, and a load. The power amplifier includes an input dc source and two switches operating in a complementary mode. The power demodulator includes an LC LPF. The waveform at point ‘e’ is the amplified PWM sequence.