Table 1.
Demographic, physical, biochemical and periodontal characteristics of the patients (mean ± standard deviation).
| GROUP H n = 30 | GROUP P n = 30 | GROUP DL-P n = 30 | GROUP T2DMwell-DL-P n = 30 | GROUP T2DMpoorly-DL-P n = 30 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (F/M) | 18/12 | 19/11 | 17/13 | 20/10 | 18/12 |
| Age (mean ± SD)* | 39.3 (+3.6) | 45.9 (+5.9)a | 49.0 (+7.5)a | 50.3 (+6.7)a | 48.0 (±7.6)a |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dl)* | 85.9 (±6.5) | 90.8 (±7.3) | 90.0 (±6.4) | 137.5 (±41.4)b,c | 226.6 (±74.2)a,b,c,d |
| HbA1c (%)* | 5.4 (±0.21) | 5.1 (±0.6) | 5.4 (±0.6) | 6.3 (±0.6)a,b,c | 10.4 (±1.9)a,b,c,d |
| Insulin (U/L)* | 7.1 (±4.3) | 11.1 (±12.7) | 12.6 (±8.5) | 21.1 (±21.5)a,b | 19.7 (±20.9)a,b |
| HOMA* | 1.6 (±1.0) | 2.9 (±3.5) | 2.6 (±1.8) | 6.8 (±5.2) a,b,c | 12.7(±15.9) a,b,c |
| BMI (m/Kg2)* | 24.5 (±3.5) | 23.7 (±6.4) | 28.4 (±3.8) | 31.4 (±4.1)a,b | 30.5 (±5.2)a,b |
| Abdominal circumference (cm)* | 87.5 (±10.6) | 98.2 (±16.9) | 98.1 (±9.9)a | 109.3 (±10.8)a,b,c | 104.3 (±14.6)a |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)* | 180.3 (±21.5) | 171.6 (±18.5) | 246.1 (±42.3)a,b | 243.4 (±42.9)a,b | 242.7 (±37.8)a,b |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)* | 49.3 (±10.1) | 48.4 (±12.6) | 50.7 (±11.1) | 46.1 (±10.5) | 44.8 (±9.5) |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)* | 113.5 (±18.1) | 103.8 (±17.4) | 156.4 (±44.1)a,b | 147.3 (±44.3)a,b | 153.4 (±37.0)a,b |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)* | 87.4 (±27.6) | 93.9 (±35.9) | 194.1 (±80.6)a,b | 249.8 (±104.1)a,b | 216.9 (±94.6)a,b |
| Number of teeth | 27.1 (+1.8) | 24.3 (+3.1)a | 23.2 (+3.8)a | 21.6 (+4.5)a | 22.3 (+4.2)a |
| Percentage of sites with Bleeding on Probing | 12.7 (+5.6) | 51.4 (+13.2)a | 53.0 (+13.7)a | 53.9 (+13.8)a | 69.3 (+12.8)a,b,c,d |
| Percentage of sites with Probing Depth ≤ 3 mm | 98.8 (+1.5) | 53.3 (+12.5)a | 61.9 (+14.0)a | 57.0 (+15.0)a | 43.3 (+14.8)a,b,c,d |
| Percentage of sites with Probing Depth = 4–5 mm | 1.2 (+1.5) | 41.0 (+10.0)a | 31.0 (+10.6)a,b | 31.0 (+11.0)a,b | 31.9 (+11.6)a,b |
| Percentage of sites with Probing Depth ≥ 6 mm | 0.0 (+0.0) | 5.7 (+5.9)a | 7.0 (+10.6)a | 12.0 (+10.8)a,c | 24.8 (+15.9)a,b,c,d |
| Percentage of sites with Attachment Loss ≥ 5 mm | 0.0 (+0.0) | 28.4 (+10.5)a | 23.8 (+14.0)a | 34.7 (+17.6)a,c | 47.1 (+16.2)a,b,c,d |
| Number of sites with Suppuration | 0.0 (+0.0) | 2.0 (+3.7) | 2.0 (+3.0) | 4.0 (+3.3)a | 6.8 (+7.0)a,b,c,d |
ap < 0.05 in relation to H (Healthy) group; bp < 0.05 in relation to P (Periodontitis) group; cp < 0.05 in relation to DL-P (Dyslipidemia-Periodontitis) group; dp < 0.05 in relation to T2DMwell-DL-P (well-controlled-Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Dyslipidemia-Periodontitis) group according to the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Dunn’s post test; *α = 0.0125 (since Bonferroni’s correction = 0.05/4, i.e. four comparisons). Some data were also presented in Corbi et al.16 and Nepomuceno et al.14.