Table 1.
The experimental designs of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy using SPIONs
| References | Purpose of study | Type of stem cells | Type of SPIONs | Animal | Target sites | Administration | Dose ([Fe] µg/mL) | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [46] | MRI tracking | hMSCs | Citrate-coated SPIONs, ferumoxide, and ferucarbotran | Rats | Muscle | Local injection | Citrate-coated SPIONs: 5 µg/mL, ferumoxide: 100 µg/mL, ferucarbotran: N/A | Greater MRI sensitivity of transplanted MSCs labelled with citrate SPIONs compared to Endorem (Feridex®) in low Fe concentration |
| [47] | MRI tracking | hUC-MSCs | SPIONs | Rats | Spinal cord | Local injection | 7 µg/mL | Noninvasive feasible MRI imaging of transplanted MSCs labelled with SPIONs in spinal cord until 3 weeks |
| [48] | MRI tracking | mMSCs | USPIONs with poly-l-lysine (PLL) | Mice | Brain | Intravenous injection | 50 µg/mL with PLL 1.5 µg/mL | Significant signal loss in T2-weighted images and effective decrease in transverse relaxation time at the injury site after intravenous injection because of transplanted MSCs labelled with USPIONs |
| [49] | MRI tracking | hMSCs | SPIONs loaded Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) MPs | Mice | Back | Local injection | 50 µg/mL | Enhanced MRI parameters with the relaxivity, residence time, and the R2 signal compared to free IO-NPs |
| [50] | Magnetic attraction | rMSCs | Poly-l-lysine (PLL) coated SPIONs | Rats | Spinal cord | Intrathecal injection | 154 µg/mL | Labelled transplanted MSCs were guided by a magnetic field near the lesion site in the rat spinal cord |
| [51] | Magnetic attraction | hNSCs | Ferumoxide with poly-l-lysine (PLL) | Rats | Brain | Intravenous injection | 25 µg/mL | Enhanced efficient delivery of transplanted NSCs to the target sites with magnetic guidance |
| [26] | Magnetic attraction, enhanced chemotaxis | mMSCs | SPIONs with rhodamine B | Mice | Olfactory bulb | Local injection | 15 µg/mL | Enhanced homing effects of MSCs in vivo with increased CXCR4 expression and permanent magnet guidance induced by iron oxide nanoparticles |
| [39] | Enhanced chemotaxis | mMSCs | Zinc-doped iron oxide nanoparticle with hyaluronic acid (HA) | Mice | Brain | Local injection | 6.03 µg/mL (108 µM) | Improved the homing effects to traumatic brain injury and glioblastoma models due to increased CXCR4 expression in MSCs by iron-based nanoparticles |
| [52] | Enhanced chemotaxis | rMSCs | Iron oxide nanoparticles with polydopamine (PDA) | Rats | Ear | Intravenous injection | 50 µg/mL | Increased expression of CXCR4, c-Met, and CCR1 membrane protein and cytokine (VEGF) by iron oxide nanoparticles with PDA |