Table 2.
Secretory factors of BMSCs contributing to BM microenvironment and bone homeostasis.
| Secretory factors | Function | Obesity | Life-style interventions |
|---|---|---|---|
| PGE2 | Anti-inflammatory, inhibition of T cell proliferation (72) | ↓ (59) | Omega 3 dietary intervention ↓ (82) |
| HGF | Anti-inflammatory, inhibition of T cell proliferation (72) | – | – |
| TGFβ | Anti-inflammatory, inhibition of T cell proliferation (72) | ↓ (66) | – |
| IL-7 | B cell development (83) | ↓ (84) | – |
| IL-15 | T cell homeostasis (85) | ↓ (86) | – |
| IL-21 | NKT cells maturation (87) | – | – |
| TNFα | HSC proliferation and activation (88) | ↓ (60), ↑ (89) | – |
| CXCL12/SDF-1 | Stem cell migration (90, 91) | ↓ (92) | ↑ Exercise, caloric restriction (68, 93) |
| Thrombopoietin | HSC quiescence (94, 95) | ↑ (96) | ↓ thrombopoiesis (97) |
| Angiopoietin | HSC quiescence (98) | ↑ (99) | – |
| M-CSF | Myelopoiesis (100) | = (101) | – |
| G-CSF | Myelopoiesis (100) | ↑-(101, 102) | ↑ Sleeve gastrectomy (100) |
| RANKL | Osteoclast differentiation (103) | ↑ (104) | = Exercise (105) |
| OPG | Osteoclast differentiation (103) | ↓ (104) | = Exercise (105) |
| LCN2 | HSC proliferation, inhibition of senescence (106) | ↓ (60) | – |