Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
| Total | Dementia group | No-dementia group | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 107) | (n = 25) | (n = 82) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 76, 69–81 | 75, 73–81 | 76, 68–80.3 | 0.479 |
| Female sex, n (%)* | 63 (58.9) | 20 (80) | 43 (52.4) | 0.020 |
| Education, years | 12, 9–13 | 12, 10–13 | 12, 9–13 | 0.658 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.6, 20.5–24.4 | 22.8, 20.2–25.0 | 22.6, 20.6–24.1 | 0.669 |
| Risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 66 (61.7) | 19 (76.0) | 47 (57.3) | 0.106 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 16 (15.0) | 6 (24.0) | 10 (12.2) | 0.198 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 51 (47.7) | 15 (60.0) | 36 (43.9) | 0.177 |
| CKD, n (%) | 35 (32.7) | 11 (44.0) | 24 (29.3) | 0.224 |
| IHD, n (%) | 12 (11.2) | 5 (20.0) | 7 (8.5) | 0.146 |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 10 (9.3) | 4 (16.0) | 6 (7.3) | 0.238 |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 27 (25.2) | 3 (12.0) | 24 (29.3) | 0.115 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 42 (39.3) | 9 (36.0) | 33 (40.2) | 0.817 |
| ApoE ε4 carrier, n (%)* | 33 (30.8) | 15 (60.0) | 18 (22.0) | <0.001 |
| Comprehensive geriatric assessment | ||||
| Barthel index | 100 | 100, 95–100 | 100 | 0.065 |
| IADL impairment, n (%)* | 48 (44.9) | 19 (76.0) | 29 (35.4) | <0.001 |
| DBDS* | 8, 4–14 | 12, 6.5–16.5 | 7.5, 3.8–14 | 0.038 |
| GDS | 2, 1–5 | 2, 1–4.5 | 2.5, 1–5 | 0.520 |
| Vitality index | 10, 9–10 | 9, 8–10 | 10, 9–10 | 0.084 |
| ZBI* | 11, 3–22 | 18, 8.5–27.5 | 8.5, 3–18.3 | 0.010 |
| MNA-SF | 12, 11–13 | 12, 11–13 | 13, 11–13 | 0.053 |
| Cognitive function | ||||
| MMSE score* | 24, 21–28 | 19, 16–19 | 27, 23–29 | <0.001 |
| CDR-GB* | <0.001 | |||
| 0, n (%) | 21 (19.6) | 0 (0) | 21 (25.6) | |
| 0.5, n (%) | 72 (67.3) | 11 (44.0) | 61 (74.4) | |
| 1, n (%) | 13 (12.1) | 13 (52.0) | 0 | |
| 2, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 | |
| 3, n (%) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0 | |
| CDR-SB* | 2.0, 0.5–3.5 | 4.5, 3–5 | 1, 0.5–2.5 | <0.001 |
| MRI findings | ||||
| SLI, n (%)* | 11 (10.3) | 8 (32.0) | 3 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| WMH, n (%) | 29 (27.1) | 7 (28.0) | 22 (26.8) | 1.000 |
| CMBs, n (%) | 23 (21.5) | 9 (36.0) | 14 (17.1) | 0.055 |
| CSS, n (%) | 7 (6.5) | 3 (12.0) | 4 (4.9) | 0.350 |
| VSRAD* | 1.01, 0.65–2.03 | 2.07, 1.19–2.48 | 0.85, 0.56–1.42 | <0.001 |
| Blood flow reduction seen in SPECT images | ||||
| Posterior cingulate gyrus and/or precuneus, n (%) | 72 (71.3) | 19 (82.6) | 53 (68.0) | 0.201 |
Data are represented as the mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) or number of patients (%).
Wilcoxon signed-rank and χ2 tests were used.
Asterisks indicate statistical significance (P < 0.05).
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; IHD, ischemic heart disease; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; DBDS, Dementia Behaviour Disturbance Scale; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; ZBI, Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview; MNA-SF, Mini-Nutritional Assessment-Short Form; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CDR-GB, Clinical Dementia Rating Global Score; CDR-SB, Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes; SLI, silent lacunar infarct; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; CMB, cerebral microbleeds; CSS, cortical superficial siderosis; VSRAD, voxel-based specific regional analysis system for Alzheimer’s disease; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography. Enterotype I: Bacteroides >30%, Enterotype II: Prevotella >15%, Enterotype III: others.
*The number of patients who had identifiable data of each metabolite were as follows: Ammonia (n = 109), succinic acid (n = 52), lactic acid (n = 38), formic acid (n = 13), acetic acid (n = 96), propionic acid (n = 73), iso-butyric acid (n = 73), n-butyric acid (n = 82), iso-valeric acid (n = 58), n-valeric acid (n = 88), phenol (n = 89), P-cresol (n = 91), 4-ethylphenol (n = 66), indol (n = 96), and skatole (n = 51). The remaining patients had undetectable (extremely low) metabolites; these undetectable data were assigned values using the maximum likelihood estimation procedure54, which is half of the prescribed determination limit.