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. 2020 May 18;11:2471. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16274-w

Fig. 3. Bacterial SLs are uptaken in GI tract and portal vein and affect tissue SLs.

Fig. 3

Confocal microscopy of a small intestine (SI) tissue of germfree mice, b SI tissue of germfree mice inoculated with BTWT grown in PAA (BTWT-PAA) 3 h after oral gavage, and c SI tissue of germfree mice after 5 days of daily gavage with BTWT-PAA. PAA metabolites were detected with Alexa Fluor 647 azide (red) using click chemistry, and nuclei of the intestinal epithelial cells were stained using DAPI (blue). Scale bar is 20 µm. Representative images of four mice. d Sphinganine (d17:0) levels in acid base-treated hepatic portal vein blood of germfree mice gavaged daily with BTWT. For hepatic portal vein blood samples, means ± SEM of LC-MS measurements are plotted for: GF = germfree (n = 2), one day of daily gavage, Day 1 (n = 3); 7 days of daily gavage, Day 7 (n = 3) (one-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). e Cecal long chain base SLs. Bar charts represent SL abundance ± SEM for five mice per condition. (two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, ***p < 0.001). f–j Bar charts represent mean SL abundance ± SEM for: GF (gray, n = 12 mice), monoassociation with BTWT (black, n = 11 mice) or monoassociation with SLMUT (white, n = 12 mice); two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). f Ileal long-chain sphingoid base SLs; g Ileal ceramides; h Hepatic dihydroceramides; i Hepatic ceramides; j Hepatic sphingomyelins. Source data are provided as a source data file. For all figures with bars, height of bar = mean and error bar is SEM.