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. 2020 May 18;10:8195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65011-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Heatmap of regression coefficients for L1-penalized selection indices. Separate indices were derived for each environment using multi time-point data. DAS = days after sowing, VEG, GF, MAT represent vegetative, grain-filling and maturity stages, respectively. The bottom color-bar shows the light color associated with each waveband in the visible spectrum (≤750 m); black was used to represent the near-infrared spectrum (wavelength > 750 nm).