TABLE 1.
Cell-free strategies for biological material biomanufacturing or material bio-functionalization.
| Cell-free reaction format | Material | Application | References |
| Recombinant enzymes | Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) | Biopolymer production | Thomson et al., 2009; Han et al., 2011; Tomizawa et al., 2012; Opgenorth et al., 2016 |
| Lactic acid | Platform material for polymer production | Kopp et al., 2019 | |
| Cell extract biotransformation | Bio-cellulose | Bio-cellulose production | Ullah et al., 2015 |
| Chitin | Chitin synthesis | Jaworski et al., 1963 | |
| Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] | Optimizing PHAs biopolymer production | Kelwick et al., 2018 | |
| Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Medical and industrial | Chauhan et al., 2011; Krishnan et al., 2016 | |
| Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | Nanobiotechnology, therapeutic development | Costa Silva et al., 2017 | |
| Cell-free protein synthesis | Bacteriophages | De novo synthesis and phage engineering | Garamella et al., 2016; Rustad et al., 2018 |
| Chitin | Chitinase expression | Endoh et al., 2006 | |
| Clay microgels | Protein production | Jiao et al., 2018 | |
| DNA hydrogels/Protein-producing gels (P-gel) | Protein production | Park et al., 2009a; Ruiz et al., 2012 | |
| Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) | Biopolymer with non-canonical amino acids | Martin et al., 2018 | |
| Extracellular vesicles (EVs) | Therapeutics/EV biogenesis research | Shurtleff et al., 2016; García-Manrique et al., 2018 | |
| Freeze-dried pellets | In vitro diagnostics or therapeutic production | Pardee et al., 2016b; Salehi et al., 2016, 2017 | |
| Liposomes and nanodiscs | Membrane protein production, drug discovery or protocell production | Garamella et al., 2016; Rues et al., 2016; Shinoda et al., 2016; Contreras-Llano and Tan, 2018; Gessesse et al., 2018; Dubuc et al., 2019; Shelby et al., 2019 | |
| Microfluidic devices (various) | Antibody development and protein microarrays | Kilb et al., 2014; Georgi et al., 2016; Contreras-Llano and Tan, 2018 | |
| Microparticles/nanoparticles | On-demand functional biomaterials/therapeutics | Lim et al., 2009; Benítez-Mateos et al., 2018 | |
| Paper | In vitro diagnostics | Pardee et al., 2014, 2016a; Duyen et al., 2017; Gräwe et al., 2019; Thavarajah et al., 2020 | |
| PEG hydrogels | Education | Huang et al., 2018 | |
| Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (P(3HB)) | Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) biosynthetic operon prototyping | Kelwick et al., 2018 | |
| Protein biologics | Cancer therapeutics, protein therapeutics | Zawada et al., 2011; Sullivan et al., 2016; Salehi et al., 2017; Kightlinger et al., 2019 | |
| Silk fibroin | Silk fibroin production | Greene et al., 1975; Lizardi et al., 1979 |