TABLE 1.
Demographic details and tinnitus characteristics at baseline.
| HD-tDCS | Orofacial therapy | TRT + CBT | TRT + EDMR | |||||||||
|
(n = 117) |
(n = 109) |
(n = 44) |
(n = 46) |
|||||||||
| M | F | p | M | F | p | M | F | p | M | F | p | |
| Gender (n) | 97 | 20 | 56 | 53 | 34 | 10 | 30 | 16 | ||||
|
Age (years: mean [SD]) |
50.02 [12.60] | 53.65 [10.81] | 0.2329 | 42.68 [15.44] | 47.68 [14.22] | 0.0819 | 49.32 [13.46] | 44.5 [12.34] | 0.3165 | 48.33 [12.44] | 46 [12.13] |
0.5443 |
|
Hearing level: PTA (db HL: mean [SD]) |
19.29 [13.48] | 15.38 [11.84] | 0.2309 | 13.85 [13.02] | 16.30 [13.92] | 0.3491 | 19.75 [15.60] | 8.92 [5.93] | 0.0385 | 17.22 [14.41] | 16.09 [17.39] | 0.8151 |
| Tinnitus characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Tinnitus duration (years: mean[SD]) |
6.59 [7.49] | 4.06 [5.63] | 0.1546 | 5.27 [7.30] | 4.98 [7.14] | 0.8351 | 9.08 [10.56] | 3.35 [1.81] | 0.0978 | 8.23 [8.98] | 3.97 [2.89] | 0.0728 |
| Tinnitus laterality (n: right/left/bilateral/central) |
13/12/57/15 | 1/3/13/3 | 0.7066 | 6/9/27/13 | 6/5/33/7 | 0.2132 | 2/8/15/9 | 0/3/6/1 | 0.4497 | 3 / 6 / 12 / 9 |
2 / 4 / 6 / 4 |
0.9624 |
| Tinnitus type (n: pure tone/noise/polyphonic) |
67/22/8 | 12/4/4 | 0.3468 | 32/16/7 | 22/25/4 | 0.0862 | 25/7/2 | 3/4/3 | 0.0310 | 18 / 8 / 4 | 11 / 3 / 2 | 0.8126 |
| TFI scores (mean [SD]) |
45.5 [18.62] | 55.5 [23.44] | 0.0390 | 50.64 [18.67] | 54.02 [15.35] | 0.3050 | 48.92 [22.10] | 54.24 [22.11] | 0.5068 | 51.37 [18.31] | 58.58 [18.22] | 0.2098 |
| Questionnaire scores | ||||||||||||
| HADS anxiety (mean [SD]) |
7.29 [3.60] | 9.2 [4.82] |
0.0443 | 8.91 [4.06] | 8.43 [4.22] | 0.5524 | 8.79 [4.42] | 12.6 [4.43] | 0.0212 | 8.53 [4.01] | 11 [3.92] |
0.0512 |
| HADS depression (mean [SD]) |
6.77 [4.05] | 7.65 [5.49] | 0.4106 | 7.09 [4.49] | 5.36 [4.54] | 0.0488 | 6.91 [4.25] | 9.7 [4.52] |
0.0794 | 7.53 [4.61] | 7.56 [4.07] | 0.9831 |
| HQ scores (mean [SD]) |
18.34 [7.74] | 21.25 [9.59] | 0.1448 | 17.22 [7.19] | 17.61 [8.89] | 0.8039 | 20.74 [9.15] | 26.9 [7.72] | 0.0600 | 20.93 [7.90] | 26.81 [3.87] | 0.0077 |
HD-tDCS: High-Definition transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; TRT: Tinnitus Retraining Therapy; CBT: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; EMDR: eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy; PTA: Pure Tone Average for 1, 2, and 4 kHz; TFI: Tinnitus Functional Index; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HQ: Hyperacusis Questionnaire. Standard least squares (for continuous variables) or nominal logistic models (for dichotomous variables) were designed to test whether male and female participants in each of the four therapy groups differed significantly; resulting p-values are shown in the last column.