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. 2020 May 12;11:689. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00689

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Copyright © 2020 Qin, Akter, Qin, Cheng, Guo, Yao, Jian, Liu and Wu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Timeline of immune response in ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke begins with a cascade of events as a result of arterial occlusion leading to hypoxia accompanied by ROS production within minutes and glucose deprivation. The integrity of the BBB is compromised leading to increased permeability within 1–2 h, allowing infiltration of circulatory cells which contribute to the inflammatory process and exacerbate neuronal death. BBB, blood–brain barrier; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns; ECM, extracellular matrix.