TABLE 1.
Summary of natural and synthetic components of biomaterial.
| References | Biomaterial | Composition | Experimental model | Main findings |
|
Meng et al., 2014 |
Synthetic | Synthetic fibronectin peptide (PRARIY) | Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats | - Reduction of infarction size - Significantly functional outcome - Decrease in apoptosis |
|
Modo et al., 2018 |
Synthetic | Human neural stem cells (HNSCs) on vascular endotelial growth factor (VEGF)- releasing PLGA microparticles | MCAo in SD rats | - Attraction of endothelial cells from the host, establishing a neovasculature interspersed with NSCs |
| Wong et al., 2007 | Synthetic | Poly (ε-Caprolactone) and PLGA polymer | Acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) in SD rats | - Decrease in astrocytic activation - Promotes neural ingrowth - Prevention of the enlargement of the defect |
| Medelin et al., 2018 | Synthetic | Chitlac (A derivative of chitosan) | Primary culture of hippocampal neurons of postnatal (P2–P3) SD rats | - Induces growth and synapse formation in vitro |
| Ju et al., 2014 | Synthetic | Hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel + PLGA microspheres containing VEGF and Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) | MCAo in C57BL/6J mice | - High rate in angiogenesis - Behavioral improvement - Formation a suitable niche for neural restoration |
| Jeong et al., 2019 | Synthetic | Cholic acid-coated poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with EPO (EPO-CA-NPs) | Middle carotid artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) technique in rats | -Able to cross the BBB - Reduction in the extent of the infarct volume and cellular apoptosis - Better performance on sensorimotor phenotype than EPO alone |
| Cui et al., 2020 | Synthetic | Polyethylene glycol conjugated urokinase nanogels (PEG-UK) | Permanent MCAO (pMCAO) in adult male SD rats | - Amelioration of the severity of neurological deficits - Decrease in the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the concentration of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the brain parenchyma - Inhibition of apoptosis and excito-neurotoxicity |
| Li et al., 2020 | Synthetic | Natural platelet (PLT) membrane envelope loaded with l-arginine and γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles (PAMNs) | Photochemical cortical ischemic stroke in C57BL/6 mice | - Rapid targeting to ischemic stroke lesions - Promotes vasodilation to disrupt the PLT aggregation - Recovery of blood flow |
| Ghuman et al., 2016 | Natural | Extracellular matrix (ECM) purified from porcine urinary bladder (collagen, fibronectin, decorin, laminin) | MCAo in SD rats | - Promotes host cell infiltration - Retention of the hydrogel within the cavity of the lesion - Antiinflammatory properties |
|
Meng et al., 2014 |
Natural | High-molecular weight HA (HMW-HA) hydrogel | 4 × 2 × 2 mm3 cortical lesión created in SD rats | - Reduction in glial scar thickness - Decrease in astrogliosis marker GFAP |
|
Meng et al., 2014 |
Natural | Laminin-incorporated HA (LN-HA) hydrogel | Cortical defects induced mechanically in SD rats | - Support cell infiltration and angiogenesis - Inhibit the formation of the glial scar - Promotes neurite regrowth |
| Crapo et al., 2012 | Natural | ECM purified from porcine tissues (collagen, fibronectin, decorin, laminin) | PC12 cell line | - Stimulation of cell proliferation |
| Osama et al., 2018 | Natural | Silk hydrogel (4% w/v) + mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) | MCAo in SD rats | - Good space conformity in the ischemia cavity |
| Moshayedi and Carmichael, 2013 | Natural | Hyaluronan-heparin-collagen hydrogel + neural progenitor cells (NPCs) | Photothrombotic ischemia in C57BL/6 mice | - Improvement of NPCs survival into the infarct cavity after stroke |
| Islam et al., 2018 | Natural | Alginate-collagen microspheres containing fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) | Zebrafish embryos | - Increase in therapeutic angiogenesis |
|
Yu et al., 2010 |
Natural | Collagen type I + neural stem cells (NSCs) | MCAo in Wistar rats | - Survival of the NSCs engrafts - Synapsis formation - Differentiation of NSCs |
| Zhong et al., 2010 | Natural | Hyaluronan-heparin-collagen hydrogel + NPCs | Cortical photothrombotic stroke in C57BL/6J mice | - Improvement in NPCs survival in vitro and into the infarct cavity (in vivo) |
| Sanchez-Rojas et al., 2019 | Natural | HA + adipose stem cells (ASCs) | Middle cerebral artery thrombosis with FeCl3 in athymic mice | - Increase in cell proliferation and neurogenesis at subventricular zone (SVZ) - Angiogenesis and less inflammatory reaction to the graft |
| Tuladhar et al., 2020 | Natural | Hydrogel drug depot, comprised of hyaluronan and methylcellulose (HAMC) containing cyclosporine and erythropoietin (CsA + EPO) | Endothelin-1 stroke in male SD rats and male Long-Evans rats | - Long term stability in the brain - Cyclosporine increased plasticity in the striatum while erythropoietin stimulated endogenous NSPCs |
| Fernandez-Serra et al., 2020 | Natural | Silk fibroin hydrogels-encapsulated MSCs | MCAo in adult male CD-1 mice | - Promotes the survival of intracerebrally implanted MSCs - Improvement of functional outcomes over time in the model of cortical stroke |