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. 2020 May 12;11:915. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00915

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Copyright © 2020 Conte, Martucci, Mosconi, Chiariello, Cappuccilli, Totti, Santoro, Franceschi and Salvioli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Plasma levels of GDF15 increase with age and are negatively associated with active lifestyle. (A) Regression analysis of circulating GDF15 and age in cyclists, controls and patients. (B–D) Circulating plasma levels of GDF15 in young cyclists (T1), controls and patients (B); in adult cyclists (T1), controls and patients (C); in late adult cyclists (T1), controls and patients (D). Data are expressed as mean ± SE and p-values refer to Kruskal-Wallis test. (E) Circulating plasma levels of GDF15 in old controls and patients, data are expressed as mean ± SE and p-values refer to Mann-Whitney test. (F) Regression analysis of circulating GDF15 vs. quadriceps maximal torque normalized for age and vastus lateralis muscle thickness in patients.