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. 2020 May 12;11:915. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00915

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Copyright © 2020 Conte, Martucci, Mosconi, Chiariello, Cappuccilli, Totti, Santoro, Franceschi and Salvioli.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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GDF15 plasma levels in cyclists before and after the race. (A) The differences among plasma GDF15 levels before the race (T1), immediately after the race (T2), and after 18–24 h from the race (T3) were analyzed. Data are expressed as mean ± SE p-values refer to Friedman test. (B–D) Circulating plasma levels of GDF15 in young cyclists (T2), controls and patients (B); in adult cyclists (T2), controls and patients (C); in late adult cyclists (T2), controls and patients (D). Data are expressed as mean ± SE and p-values refer to Kruskal-Wallis test.