Table 1.

Knowledge Domains That Have Contributed to the Expansion of Outpatient CLP

Knowledge domain	Examples of clinical population	Examples of outpatient CLP settings addressing these challenges
High prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in specific chronic diseases	Depression and heart disease2 Depression and diabetes mellitus3 Depression and cancer4 Depression and COPD5	Psychocardiology Collaborative care and integrated care in primary care settings
Negative impact of untreated psychiatric problems upon medical outcomes	Lower HIV viral suppression rates in patients with psychiatric disorders6 Diagnosis of cancer at a later stage for patients with psychiatric disorders7 Depression impacted prognosis in COPD8,9 Poor glycemic control in DM patients with co-morbid depression3	HIV psychiatry Psycho-oncology Collaborative care and integrated care in primary care settings
Negative impact of psychiatric disease upon post-surgical outcomes	Patients who underwent weigh loss surgery with psychiatric disease have a higher need for reintervention10 Depression after liver transplantation is associated with higher mortality11	Psychiatry in weight loss surgery clinics Transplant psychiatry
Negative impact of untreated psychiatric problems upon health care utilization	Comorbid psychiatric or substance use condition is associated with high level of hospitalizations12,13 For patients with sickle cell anemia, comorbid depression was associated with longer length of stay, more severe illness and more costly hospitalizations14	Med-psych clinics Psychiatry in sickle cell clinics
Low rates of access of mental health services for patients with psychiatric disorders	Evidence that patients with SPMI are primarily seen in primary care and not in specialty clinics15	Collaborative care and integrated care in primary care settings
High rate of medical problems and increased mortality in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders	Severe psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia adversely impact mortality16 Patients with bipolar disorder are more likely to die prematurely from multiple causes including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and COPD relative to those without bipolar disorder17	Collaborative care and integrated care in primary care settings

CLP = consultation-liaison psychiatry; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SPMI = serious and persistent mental illness.