Figure 3.

Pretreatment with piperine modulates TGF-β1-induced morphological changes in A549 cells. (A) A549 cells were pretreated with non-cytotoxic doses of piperine (20, 40 and 80 μM) for 24 h followed by treatment with 1 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 48 h, then followed by the observation under phase-contrast microscopy, scale bar = 100 μM. (B) After TGF-β1 treatment, cells acquired spindle-shaped morphology. Pretreatment with piperine 40 and 80 μM attenuated or suppressed such event, respectively. Data are representative of 500 cells from three independent experiments ± SD. * p ≤ 0.05 vs. untreated cells (CTR); † p ≤ 0.05 vs. TGF-β.