Figure 5.

Pretreatment with piperine inhibits the cell motility of A549 cells treated with TGF-β1. To analyze the cell motility, A549 cells were pretreated with non-cytotoxic doses of piperine (20, 40 and 80 μM) for 24 h, followed by treatment with 1 ng/mL TGF-β1 for 48 h. After treatments, the cell motility was evaluated based on phagokinetic motility (A,B) and wound assay (C,D). For phagokinetic motility, track area of 200 cells was monitored with the aid of the program Scion Image and expressed as squared pixels. For wound assay, photos were taken before and after incubation. The results are representative of four independent experiments. Quantitative analyses are shown as mean ± SD. * p ≤ 0.05 vs. untreated cells (CTR), † p ≤ 0.05 vs. TGF-β.