| CI | confidence interval; |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid; |
| CVC | central venous catheter; |
| CGMH | Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; |
| EOD | early-onset disease; |
| ESBL | extended-spectrum β-lactamase; |
| GNB | gram-negative bacteremia; |
| GBS | Group B streptococcus; |
| LOD | late-onset disease; |
| NTISS | Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System; |
| OR | odds ratio; |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition. |