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. 2020 Mar 30;9(4):65. doi: 10.3390/biology9040065

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Diagrammatic representation of toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling pathways. AP-1, activator protein 1; BGN, biglycan; CpG-DNA, oligodeoxynucleotides DNA; CREB, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein; DCN, decorin; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; FADD, FAS-associated death domain; FBN, fibronectin; HMBG1, high-mobility group box 1; IκBα, inhibitor of NF-κBα; IKK, inhibitor of NF-κB kinase; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; IRF, IFN-regulatory factor; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LMW-HA, low molecular-weight hyaluronic acid; MAL, MYD88 adaptor-like protein; MD2, myeloid differentiation factor 2; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase; MKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RIP1, receptor-interacting protein 1; S100A8/9, S100 calcium-binding protein A 8 and 9; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; TAB, TAK1-binding protein; TAK1, TGFβ-activated kinase 1; TN-C, tenascin-c; TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule.