Figure 1.

Effect of spaceflight on germination of Eruca sativa (rocket) seeds. (A) The Space seed batch was stored on the ISS for six months, sealed at low humidity in foil bags; Image: ESA/NASA. (B) Visible stages of rocket seed germination. (C) Time course analysis of testa rupture and endosperm rupture of Earth seeds compared to Space seeds. (D) Thermal time modeling of Earth-WS (warehouse stock) seed germination over a range of temperatures. Note that germination rates were calculated as the inverse of the time required to reach 50% germination of the population at the respective temperature. Mean of three replicates of 20 seeds per plate. Error bars indicate ± standard error.