Table 2.

The summary of validated circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes in lung cancer

Cancer types	Sample	circRNA-miRNA-mRNA	Cell characteristics	Clinical characteristics	Clinical application	References
LAC	Tissues Plasma Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis 4. Cell migration	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis	Diagnostic values AUC: 0.815 Sensitivity: 0.755 Specificity: 0.796	[69, 70]
NSCLC	Cells		1. Cell proliferation	–	–	[41]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis 4. Cell migration	1. T stage 2. Lymph node metastases 3. TNM stage 4. Poor differentiation	–	[71]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[72]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis 4. Cell migration	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Poor differentiation 4. Survival rate	–	[73, 74]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation	1. Tumor size	–	[75]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell apoptosis	1. Poor differentiation 2. TNM stage 3. Lymph node metastasis	–	[76]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. Histological grade 2. N stage 3. TNM stage	–	[77]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion	–	–	[80]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Tumor size 3. T stage 4. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[42]
LAC	Tissues		–	1. T stage 2. Distant metastasis	Diagnostic values AUC: 0.815	[81]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[82]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[83]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion	1. Tumor size 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[84]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. Poor differentiation 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. T stage and N stage 4. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[85]
NSCLC	Tissues Cell		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell apoptosis	–	–	[86]
NSCLC	Cells Mice		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration	–	–	[87]
LAC	Tissues Cells Mice		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	4. TNM stage	–	[88]
NSCLC	Tissues cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Tumor size 4. Poor differentiation 5. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[89]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells Mice		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion	1. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[90]
NSCLC	Tissues Blood Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. Distant metastasis	Diagnostic values Tissues: AUC: 0.803 Sensitivity: 0.825 Specificity: 0.675 Serum: AUC: 0.794 Sensitivity: 0.711 Specificity: 0.800	[91]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell apoptosis	1. Tumor size 2. TNM stage 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[92]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Tumor size 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[93]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis	–	[94]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis	–	Diagnostic values AUC: 0.643 Sensitivity: 0.725 Specificity: 0.575	[95]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion	1. TNM stage 2. Distant metastasis 3. Poor differentiation	–	[96]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. Lymph node metastasis 2. Poor differentiation 3. Survival rate	–	[97]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[98]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. T stage 3. Poor differentiation 4. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[99]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell migration 2. Cell invasion	1. Lymph node metastasis 2. Prognostic value	Prognostic value	[100]
NSCLC	TISSUES Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	–	–	[101]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion 4. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis	Prognostic value	[102]
SCLC	Tissues Blood		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell apoptosis	1. Lymph node metastasis 2. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[103]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation	1. Patients’ age (particularly after the age of 60) 2. TNM stage	–	[104]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell invasion 3. Cell apoptosis	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[105]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell invasion 2. Cell metastasis	–	–	[106]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[107]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[108]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 3. Cell apoptosis	–	–	[109]
NSCLC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion	–	Diagnostic values AUC: 0.782 Sensitivity: 0.800 Specificity: 0.733	[110]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell migration 2. Cell invasion	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis	–	[111]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion	1. TNM stage 2. Lymph node metastasis 3. Tumor size 4. Survival rate	Prognostic value	[112]
LAC	Tissues Cells		1. Cell proliferation 2. Cell migration 3. Cell invasion	1. T stage 2. Cell proliferation 3. Cell migration and invasion	–	[113]