Table 2.
Results of meta-analysisi and Meta-regression
| Outcomes | N | aI2% | cPublication bias | Pooled SMD (95%CI) |
bMeta-regression coefficient (P-Value) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMD | LCI | UCI | |||||
| BMI | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 4 | 69.9 | 0.088 | −0.442 | − 0.986 | 0.102 | − 0.47 (0.119) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 2 | 0.0 | 0.125 | 0.017 | −0.226 | 0.260 | −0.038 (0.896) |
| Intervention: Diet | 4 | 0.0 | 0.147 | −0.450 | −0.760 | − 0.139 | − 0.47 (0.128) |
| Control | 3 | 0.0 | 0.568 | 0.057 | −0.242 | 0.356 | Reference |
| FG score | 1 | ||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | – | – | −0.509 | −1.360 | 0.341 | −0.57 (0.344) | |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | – | – | −0.575 | − 0.996 | −0.153 | − 0.63 (0.139) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | – | – | − 0.807 | − 1.334 | −0.280 | − 0.86 (0.108) |
| Control | 3 | – | – | 0.056 | − 0.243 | 0.355 | Reference |
| SBP | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 72.2 | 0.602 | − 0.070 | −0.743 | 0.602 | − 0.335 (0.651) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | – | 0.267 | − 0.372 | 0.907 | 0 .014 (0.986) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | 0.252 | − 0.588 | 1.091 | Reference |
| DBP | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 68.8 | 0.117 | −0.216 | − 0.855 | 0.422 | 0.135 (0.861) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | 0.317 | −0.451 | − 1.093 | 0.191 | −0.081 (0.905) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | − 0.349 | − 1.192 | 0.494 | Reference |
| Menstrual cycle | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | NA |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | – | – | 1.165 | 0.718 | 1.613 | NA |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | – | – | 0.467 | − 0.046 | 0.980 | NA |
| Control | 2 | 53 | 0.317 | 0.344 | − 0.138 | 0.826 | NA |
| FBS | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 0 | – | 0.113 | −0.219 | 0.445 | 0.246 (0.746) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | 94 | 0.317 | −0.530 | − 1.808 | 0.748 | − 0.374 (0.636) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | – | – | − 0.092 | − 0.729 | 0.545 | 0.052 (0.950) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | − 0.148 | − 0.985 | 0.689 | Reference |
| FBI | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 78.3 | 0.117 | −0.066 | −0.824 | 0.693 | −0.192 (0.814) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | 85.1 | 0.317 | −0.126 | −0.914 | 0.661 | − 0.444 (0.779) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | – | − 0.108 | −0.749 | 0.533 | −0.234 (0.758) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | 0.126 | − 0.711 | 0.962 | Reference |
| HOMA-IR | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 0 | 0.254 | 0.000 | − 0.312 | 0.312 | – |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | 0 | 0.317 | 0.000 | −0.301 | 0.301 | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| TG | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 64.1 | 0.317 | −0.097 | − 0.705 | 0.511 | − 0.095 (0.235) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | 0 | 0.317 | −0.321 | − 0.624 | −0.018 | − 0.180 (0.584) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | −0.097 | −0.705 | 0.511 | −0.041 (0.784) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | −0.236 | −1.075 | 0.603 | Reference |
| SHBG | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 3 | 70.1 | 0.421 | 0.593 | −0.004 | 1.191 | 0.341 (0.623) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | 0.007 | − 0.630 | 0.644 | − 0.224 (0.784) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | 0.235 | − 0.604 | 1.074 | Reference |
| HDL | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 35.5 | 0.217 | 0.317 | − 0.115 | 0.749 | −0.075 (0.879) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | 0.089 | −0.212 | 0.389 | −0.311 (0.532) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | 0.056 | −0.582 | 0.694 | −0.343 (0.560) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | 0.400 | − 0.445 | 1.245 | Reference |
| LDL | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 0 | 0.317 | −0.059 | − 0.390 | 0.273 | 0.063 (0.898) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | 54.1% | 0.117 | −0.431 | − 0.882 | 0.021 | −0.301 (0.542) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | −0.455 | − 1.100 | 0.190 | −0.333 (0.571) |
| Control | 1 | – | – | −0.122 | − 0.958 | 0.715 | Reference |
| FSH | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 28.2 | 0.254 | 0.049 | −0.337 | 0.435 | 0.202 (0.635) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | 0 | – | − 0.207 | −0.621 | 0.207 | −0.063 (0.900) |
| Intervention: Diet | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 1 | – | – | − 0.144 | −0.558 | 0.270 | Reference |
| LH | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 2 | 28.2 | 0.254 | −1.235 | −2.440 | − 0.030 | −2.115 (0.564) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | 0 | – | − 0.561 | −0.982 | − 0.140 | −0.982 (0.894) |
| Intervention: Diet | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 1 | – | – | 0.420 | 0.003 | 0.838 | Reference |
| TT | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 1 | – | – | 0.140 | −0.697 | 0.977 | −0.0476 (0.952) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | – | – | −0.288 | − 0.703 | 0.128 | − 0.476 (0.236) |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | −0.050 | − 0.686 | 0.586 | −0.238 (0.592) |
| Control | 1 | 0 | 0.117 | 0.188 | −0.183 | 0.559 | Reference |
| FT | 2 | 80.2 | |||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 0.542 | −0.486 | − 1.277 | 0.306 | – | ||
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 81 | 0.117 | −1.042 | − 2.737 | 0.653 | – |
| Control | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Reference |
|
BT Intervention: lifestyle |
0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 1 | 0 | – | −0.073 | −0.710 | 0.564 | – |
| Control | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | Reference |
| AFI | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 3 | 73.8 | 0.452 | −0.778 | − 1.425 | −0.131 | − 0.918 (0.400) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Intervention: Diet | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 1 | 0 | – | 0.119 | −0.718 | 0.955 | Reference |
| AMH | |||||||
| Intervention: lifestyle | 1 | 87.2 | 0.117 | −1.230 | −3.259 | 0.798 | −1.084 (0.654) |
| Intervention: Exercise | 1 | – | – | −0.809 | − 1.239 | −0.378 | −0.622 (0.541) |
| Intervention: Diet | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Control | 1 | – | – | − 0.187 | −0.601 | 0.227 | Reference |
aHeterogeneity Index: Value upper 50% needs Random effect method of estimation
bMeta-regression coefficient showed difference of intervention vs. control
cEgger test of publication bias which test small-study effects