Table 4.

Group differences in effective connectivity: AV versus unimodal timing

Seed	Region	ml	x	y	z
AV stronger in controls
R caudate head	L parahippocampal gyrusa	0.58	−32	−38	−10
	L fusiform gyrusa	0.51	−34	−58	−7
L caudate head	L MFG (BA 9)	0.90	−30	28	31
	R MTG (BA 21)	0.58	56	−18	−14
R caudate body	R ITG (BA 20)	0.96	57	−23	−17
L caudate body	R ITGa (BA 20)	0.83	56	−23	−15
R putamen	R SFG (BA 8)	2.75	9	38	42
L putamen	R MTG (BA 21)	0.77	56	−23	−12
R GP	R SFG (BA 8)	3.33	6	39	40
	R IFG (BA 44)	0.70	42	39	−1
L GP	R MTGa (BA 21)	1.47	60	−22	−12
	R preSMAa (BA 6)	0.51	6	34	35
B SMA	L IPLa (BA40)	1.41	−42	−54	41
R insula	R ITGa (BA 20)	0.83	59	−23	−15
	R SPLa (BA 7)	0.64	29	−62	53
AV stronger in PD
R GP	R caudate tailb	0.83	19	−36	19
R preSMA	L posterior insula (BA 13)	1.54	−24	−31	22
R insula	R medial SFGb (BA 10)	0.58	7	65	−6
L cerebellum (inferior semi-lunar lobule)	R SFG (BA 10)	1.92	23	44	23

Significant group differences in effective connectivity of a seed with a brain region (FDR adjusted).

^aConnectivity was not modulated by the timing condition in the PD group.

^bConnectivity was not modulated by the timing condition in the control group.

B = bilateral; BA = Brodmann area; GP = globus pallidus; IFG = inferior frontal gyrus; IPL = inferior parietal lobule; ITG = inferior temporal gyrus; L = left; MFG = middle frontal gyrus; MTG = middle temporal gyrus; R = right; SFG = superior frontal gyrus; SMA = supplementary motor area; SPL = superior parietal lobule.