Table 5.

Group differences in effective connectivity: VA versus unimodal timing

Seed	Region	ml	x	y	z
VA stronger in controls
R caudate head	L posterior cingulatea (BA 23)	0.70	−16	−54	26
R preSMA	L SFGa (BA 10)	0.64	−18	48	−13
L inferior semi-lunar lobule	L culmen	3.14	−16	−49	−15
	L lingual gyrus (BA 18)	0.83	−11	−67	−5
VA stronger in PD
R caudate head	R IFGb (BA 9)	0.83	53	14	30
L caudate head	L IFGb (BA 45)	0.64	−50	17	18
R caudate body	R MFG (BA 9)	1.41	50	17	29
L caudate body	L MFG (BA 46)	1.02	−45	18	25
	R MFGb (BA 9)	0.90	51	18	30
B SMA	R caudate tailb	1.41	16	−36	15
	L caudate tailb	0.90	−19	−34	20
R preSMA	L caudate tailb	1.22	−23	−33	20
	R caudate tailb	0.77	16	−37	16
R insula	L lingual gyrus (BA 18)	0.64	−12	−98	−10
L cerebellum (inferior semi-lunar lobule)	R IFG (BA9)	0.90	57	8	29
	R SFG (BA 10)	0.51	25	45	22

Significant group differences in effective connectivity of a seed with a brain region (FDR adjusted).

^aConnectivity was not modulated by the timing condition in the PD group.

^bConnectivity was not modulated by the timing condition in the control group.

B = bilateral; BA = Brodmann area; IFG = inferior frontal gyrus; L = left; MFG = middle frontal gyrus; R = right; SFG = superior frontal gyrus; SMA = supplementary motor area.