Table 3. Correlation of calculus and periodontitis with different risk factors (N=343).
| Parameters and categories | Number (%) | Correlation | Pearson’s
Chi- square |
Nber (%) | Correlation | Pearson’s
Chi- square |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calculus | rho | p-value | p-value | Periodontitis | rho | p-value | p-value | |||||||
| Yes | No | None | Stage I | Stage II | Stage III | Stage IV | ||||||||
| 1. Age | 18–34 years | 87 (49.4) | 89 (50.6) | 0.192 | <0.001 * | 0.001 * | 25 (14.2) | 124 (70.5) | 20 (11.4) | 5 (2.8) | 2 (1.1) | 0.206 | <0.001 | 0.005 * |
| 35–49 years | 71 (68.3) | 33 (31.7) | 8 (7.7) | 69 (66.3) | 18 (17.3) | 4 (3.8) | 5 (4.8) | |||||||
| 50–70 years | 42 (70.0) | 18 (30.0) | 2 (3.3) | 38 (63.3) | 14 (23.3) | 6 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 2. Gender | Males | 89 (64.0) | 50 (36.0) | -0.086 | 0.111 | 0.110 | 11 (7.9) | 90 (64.7) | 24 (17.3) | 9 (6.5) | 5 (3.6) | -0.129 | 0.017 * | 0.115 |
| Females | 113 (55.4) | 91 (44.6) | 24 (11.8) | 144 (70.6) | 28 (13.7) | 6 (2.9) | 2 (1.0) | |||||||
|
3. Body Mass
Index |
Underweight | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.101 | 0.062 | 0.129 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.081 | 0.137 | 0.494 |
| Normal | 66 (52.0) | 61 (48.0) | 16 (12.6) | 88 (69.3) | 20 (15.7) | 2 (1.6) | 1 (0.8) | |||||||
| Overweight | 82 (60.7) | 53 (39.3) | 14 (10.4) | 86 (63.7) | 24 (17.8) | 8 (5.9) | 3 (2.2) | |||||||
| Obese | 52 (65.8) | 27 (34.2) | 5 (6.3) | 58 (73.4) | 8 (10.1) | 5 (6.3) | 3 (3.8) | |||||||
|
4.
Socioeconomic status |
Low | 68 (72.3) | 26 (27.7) | -0.254 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 5 (5.3) | 64 (68.1) | 16 (17) | 6 (6.4) | 3 (3.2) | -0.176 | 0.001 * | 0.072 |
| Moderate | 91 (64.1) | 51 (35.9) | 13 (9.2) | 94 (66.2) | 23 (16.2) | 8 (5.6) | 4 (2.8) | |||||||
| High | 34 (40.2) | 64 (59.8) | 17 (15.9) | 76 (71.0) | 13 (12.1) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
|
5. Level of
education |
Low | 40 (80.0) | 10 (20.0) | -0.167 | 0.002 * | 0.002 * | 1 (2.0) | 31 (62.0) | 9 (18.0) | 7 (14.0) | 2 (4.0) | -0.009 | 0.067 | 0.001 * |
| Moderate | 69 (59.5) | 47 (40.5) | 9 (7.8) | 91 (78.4) | 14 (12.1) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.9) | |||||||
| High | 93 (52.5) | 84 (47.5) | 25 (14.1) | 112 (63.3) | 29 (16.4) | 7 (4.0) | 4 (2.3) | |||||||
| 6. Biological risk factors | ||||||||||||||
|
Brushing
frequency |
No brushing | 63 (78.8) | 17 (21.2) | -0.326 | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0 (0.0) | 53 (66.3) | 15 (18.8) | 9 (11.3) | 3 (3.8) | -0.234 | <0.001 * | 0.003 * |
| Infrequent | 34 (75.6) | 11 (24.4) | 3 (6.7) | 29 (64.4) | 8 (17.8) | 2 (4.4) | 3 (6.7) | |||||||
| Once daily | 35 (57.5) | 48 (42.5) | 17 (15.0) | 79 (69.9) | 13 (11.5) | 3 (2.7) | 1 (0.9) | |||||||
| Twice daily | 33 (39.3) | 51 (60.7) | 12 (14.3) | 58 (69.0) | 13 (15.5) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| Three times | 7 (33.3) | 14 (66.7) | 3 (14.3) | 15 (71.4) | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 7. Dietary habits | ||||||||||||||
| Bread | ≤ 2 times/week | 17 (87.5) | 2 (12.5) | -0.031 | 0.566 | 0.015 * | 1 (6.3) | 12 (75.0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.041 | 0.448 | 0.104 |
| 3–6 times/week | 6 (37.5) | 10 (62.5) | 3 (18.8) | 11 (68.8) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 182 (58.5) | 129 (41.5) | 31 (10.0) | 211 (67.8) | 49 (15.8) | 15 (4.8) | 5 (1.6) | |||||||
|
Other
carbohydrates |
≤ 2 times/week | 45 (60.8) | 29 (39.2) | 0.022 | 0.685 | 0.357 | 8 (10.8) | 57 (77.0) | 6 (8.1) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (2.7) | 0.142 | 0.008 * | 0.046 * |
| 3–6 times/week | 21 (48.8) | 22 (51.2) | 9 (20.9) | 26 (60.5) | 7 (16.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 136 (60.2) | 39 (39.8) | 18 (8.0) | 151 (66.8) | 39 (17.3) | 14 (6.2) | 4 (1.8) | |||||||
| Eggs | ≤ 2 times/week | 119 (61.3) | 75 (38.7) | -0.072 | 0.182 | 0.322 | 18 (9.3) | 140 (72.2) | 28 (14.4) | 7 (3.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.006 | 0.908 | 0.045 * |
| 3–6 times/week | 34 (60.7) | 22 (39.3) | 4 (7.1) | 31 (55.4) | 15 (26.8) | 4 (7.1) | 2 (3.6) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 48 (52.2) | 44 (47.8) | 13 (14.1) | 63 (68.5) | 9 (9.8) | 4 (4.3) | 3 (3.3) | |||||||
|
Fruits/
vegetables |
≤ 2 times/week | 47 (69.1) | 21 (30.9) | -0.069 | 0.205 | 0.791 | 5 (7.4) | 49 (72.1) | 11 (16.2) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (2.9) | 0.058 | 0.283 | 0.410 |
| 3–6 times/week | 30 (53.6) | 26 (46.4) | 10 (17.9) | 38 (67.9) | 5 (8.9) | 2 (3.6) | 1 (1.8) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 125 (57.1) | 94 (42.9) | 20 (9.1) | 147 (67.1) | 36 (16.4) | 12 (5.5) | 4 (1.8) | |||||||
| Milk | ≤ 2 times/week | 119 (65.0) | 64 (33.0) | -0.133 | 0.013 * | 0.046 * | 18 (9.8) | 119 (65.0) | 32 (17.5) | 9 (4.9) | 5 (2.7) | -0.076 | 0.16 | 0.308 |
| 3–6 times/week | 12 (54.5) | 10 (45.5) | 1 (4.5) | 19 (86.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 71 (51.4) | 67 (48.6) | 16 (11.6) | 96 (69.6) | 20 (14.5) | 4 (2.9) | 2 (1.4) | |||||||
| Milk products | ≤ 2 times/week | 59 (60.8) | 38 (39.2) | -0.017 | 0.753 | 0.884 | 9 (9.3) | 65 (67.0) | 12 (12.4) | 8 (8.2) | 3 (3.1) | -0.048 | 0.38 | 0.353 |
| 3–6 times/week | 25 (56.8) | 19 (43.2) | 4 (9.1) | 31 (70.5) | 6 (13.6) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (4.5) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 118 (58.4) | 84 (41.6) | 22 (10.9) | 138 (68.3) | 34 (16.8) | 6 (3.0) | 2 (1.0) | |||||||
| Grains | ≤ 2 times/week | 68 (5.1) | 65 (48.9) | 0.133 | 0.014 * | 0.049 * | 18 (13.5) | 99 (74.4) | 12 (9.0) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.181 | 0.001 * | 0.021 * |
| 3–6 times/week | 30 (58.8) | 21 (41.2) | 6 (11.8) | 31 (60.8) | 8 (15.7) | 3 (5.9) | 3 (5.9) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 102 (65.4) | 54 (34.6) | 11 (7.1) | 102 (65.4) | 32 (20.5) | 7 (4.5) | 4 (2.6) | |||||||
| Sugar in drinks | ≤ 2 times/week | 29 (46.8) | 33 (53.2) | 0.139 | 0.010 * | 0.032 * | 11 (17.7) | 42 (67.7) | 5 (8.1) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (3.2) | 0.105 | 0.053 | 0.170 |
| 3–6 times/week | 6 (42.9) | 8 (57.1) | 2 (14.3) | 8 (57.1) | 2 (14.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 167 (62.8) | 99 (37.2) | 22 (8.3) | 183 (68.8) | 45 (16.9) | 11 (4.1) | 5 (1.9) | |||||||
|
Sugar not in
drinks |
≤ 2 times/week | 143 (62.4) | 68 (37.6) | -0.081 | 0.132 | 0.031 * | 23 (10.0) | 147 (64.2) | 41 (17.9) | 12 (5.2) | 6 (2.6) | -0.114 | 0.034 * | 0.579 |
| 3–6 times/week | 7 (31.8) | 15 (68.2) | 4 (18.2) | 14 (63.6) | 3 (13.6) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 51 (56.0) | 40 (44.0) | 8 (8.8) | 72 (79.1) | 8 (8.8) | 2 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) | |||||||
|
Jam, molasses
and honey |
≤ 2 times/week | 146 (58.9) | 102 (41.1) | 0.001 | 0.988 | 1.000 | 23 (9.3) | 171 (69.0) | 39 (15.7) | 10 (4.0) | 5 (2.0) | -0.026 | 0.626 | 0.774 |
| 3–6 times/week | 20 (58.8) | 14 (41.2) | 6 (17.6) | 20 (58.8) | 4 (11.8) | 3 (8.8) | 1 (2.9) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 36 (59.0) | 25 (41.0) | 6 (9.8) | 43 (70.5) | 9 (14.8) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (1.6) | |||||||
| Candies | ≤ 2 times/week | 144 (61.8) | 89 (38.2) | -0.067 | 0.215 | 0.135 | 29 (12.4) | 157 (67.4) | 35 (15.0) | 8 (3.4) | 4 (1.7) | 0.105 | 0.052 | 0.166 |
| 3–6 times/week | 17 (44.7) | 21 (55.3) | 4 (10.5) | 25 (65.8) | 5 (13.2) | 4 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 41 (57.7) | 30 (42.3) | 2 (2.8) | 51 (71.8) | 12 (16.9) | 3 (4.2) | 3 (4.2) | |||||||
| Crackers | ≤ 2 times/week | 104 (59.1) | 72 (40.9) | 0.020 | 0.714 | 0.366 | 26 (14.8) | 115 (65.3) | 27 (15.3) | 5 (2.8) | 3 (1.7) | 0.111 | 0.040 * | 0.168 |
| 3–6 times/week | 17 (48.6) | 18 (51.4) | 1 (2.9) | 26 (74.3) | 6 (17.1) | 2 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 81 (61.8) | 50 (38.2) | 8 (6.1) | 92 (70.2) | 19 (14.5) | 8 (6.1) | 4 (3.1) | |||||||
| Junk food | ≤ 2 times/week | 122 (58.9) | 85 (41.1) | 0.009 | 0.875 | 0.897 | 25 (12.1) | 136 (65.7) | 32 (15.5) | 11 (5.3) | 3(1.4) | 0.01 | 0.853 | 0.641 |
| 3–6 times/week | 19 (55.9) | 15 (44.1) | 1 (2.9) | 24 (70.6) | 7 (20.6) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 61 (60.4) | 40 (39.6) | 9 (8.9) | 73 (72.3) | 13 (12.9) | 3 (3.0) | 3 (3.0) | |||||||
| Chocolate | ≤ 2 times/week | 146 (58.4) | 104 (41.6) | 0.023 | 0.673 | 0.680 | 28 (11.2) | 170 (68.0) | 36 (14.4) | 11 (4.4) | 5 (2.0) | 0.036 | 0.507 | 0.579 |
| 3–6 times/week | 18 (54.5) | 15 (45.5) | 2 (6.1) | 20 (60.6) | 7 (21.2) | 2 (6.1) | 2 (6.1) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 38 (63.3) | 22 (36.6) | 5 (8.3) | 44 (73.3) | 9 (15.0) | 2 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| Soda | ≤ 2 times/week | 121 (61.1) | 77 (38.9) | -0.066 | 0.225 | 0.339 | 23 (11.6) | 135 (68.2) | 30 (15.2) | 9 (4.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.036 | 0.51 | <0.001 * |
| 3–6 times/week | 27 (62.8) | 16 (37.2) | 3 (7.0) | 26 (60.5) | 4 (9.3) | 4 (9.3) | 6 (14.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 54 (52.9) | 48 (47.1) | 9 (8.8) | 73 (71.6) | 18 (17.6) | 2 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| Juices | ≤ 2 times/week | 123 (58.9) | 86 (41.4) | 0.008 | 0.886 | 0.839 | 25 (12.0) | 142 (67.9) | 25 (12.0) | 12 (5.7) | 5 (2.4) | 0.074 | 0.17 | 0.112 |
| 3–6 times/week | 18 (54.5) | 15 (45.5) | 4 (12.1) | 24 (72.7) | 3 (9.1) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (3.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 61 (60.4) | 40 (39.6) | 6 (5.9) | 68 (67.3) | 24 (23.8) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (1.0) | |||||||
| Citrus juices | ≤ 2 times/week | 160 (60.8) | 103 (39.2) | -0.075 | 0.163 | 0.335 | 27 (10.3) | 178 (67.7) | 40 (15.2) | 14 (5.3) | 4 (1.5) | -0.023 | 0.666 | 0.046 * |
| 3–6 times/week | 15 (57.7) | 11 (42.3) | 2 (7.7) | 17 (65.4) | 4 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (11.5) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 27 (50.0) | 27 (50.0) | 6 (11.1) | 39 (72.2) | 8 (14.8) | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
|
Caffeinated
drinks |
≤ 2 times/week | 19 (46.3) | 22 (53.7) | 0.091 | 0.091 | 0.206 | 4 (9.8) | 33 (80.5) | 4 (9.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.114 | 0.034 * | 0.189 |
| 3–6 times/week | 9 (56.3) | 7 (43.7) | 1 (6.3) | 15 (93.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1–6 times/day | 174 (60.8) | 112 (39.2) | 30 (10.5) | 186 (65.0) | 48 (16.8) | 15 (5.2) | 7 (2.4) | |||||||
The correlation coefficient, rho, ranges from -1 to +1, where 1 = perfect positive correlation, 0 = no correlation, -1 = perfect negative (inverse) correlation. *Statistical significance at p-value < 0.05.