Direct detection-based biosensors for pesticides determination on screen-printed electrodes: (A) Scheme of the preparation of SPE for the determination of BTZN, SWV measurements and calibration curve. Reprinted from [157], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier. (B) SPE modified with NiO NPs to determine Parathion, DPV signals and calibration curve. Reprinted from [160], Copyright 2018, with permission from Elsevier. (C) Use of MIP for the determination of CYT. Measurements by DPV and inset the calibration curve. Reprinted from [162], Copyright 2019, with permission from Elsevier.