Table 3.
Direct detection-based biosensors reported for pesticides determination on screen-printed electrodes.
| Electrode | Analyte | Lineal range | LoD | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPCE | Bentazone | 0.19–50 µM | 34 mM | [157] |
| CB/SPCE | Carbofuran Isoprocarb Carbaryl Fenobucarb |
0.1–100 µM 0.1–100 µM 0.1–100 µM 0.1–100 µM |
49 nM 79 nM 48 nM 80 nM |
[158] |
| Thick-film Bi/SPCE | Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam Dinotefuran Clothianidin Nitenpyram |
0–110.26 µM | 2.97 µM 2.68 µM 7.67 µM 4.12 µM 4.36 µM |
[159] |
| NiO/SPCE | Parathion | 0.1–5 µM and 5–30 µM |
24 nM | [160] |
| AuNPs/SPCE | Thiram DEDMTDS Disulfiram |
0.29–62.39 µM 0.15–26.62 µM 1.69–50.58 µM |
90 nM 50 nM 550 nM |
[161] |
| MIP/AuNPs/ERGO/ SPCE | Cyhexatin | 2.60–1298.18 nM | 0.52 nM | [162] |
| CoPc/SWCNT/SPGE | Thiocholine | 0.07–0.45 mM | 38 µM | [163] |
| ZnONPs/MWCNTs/ SPCE ZnONPs/Au-SPCE |
Glyphosate AMPA |
1–10 µM 10–100 µM |
300 nM 3 µM |
[164] |
| AG/AuNPs/SPCE | Hydrazine | 0.002–936 µM | 0.57 nM | [165] |
| CHIT/ZnO/SPCE | 4-nitrophenol | 0.5–400.6 µM | 230 nM | [166] |
| Graphene/Nf/SPCE MWCNT/Nf/SPCE |
4-nitrophenol | 10–620 µM 25–620 µM |
600 nM 1.3 µM |
[167] |
| MWCNT-SPE | Sulfentrazone | 1–30 µM | 150 nM | [168] |
| AuNP/CeO2/SPGE | Hydrazine | 0.01–10 mM | – | [169] |
| CuONPs/SPCE | DCMU | 0.5–2.5 µM | 47 nM | [170] |
| NG-PVP/ AuNPs/SPCE | Hydrazine | 2–300 µM | 70 nM | [171] |
| Nafion/CNT/SPCE | Paraquat | 0.54–4.30 µM | 170 nM | [172] |
| AuNPs/GO/SPCE | Carbofuran | 1–30 µM 30–250 µM |
220 nM | [173] |
| Ag@GNRs/SPCE | Methyl parathion | 0.005–2780 µM | 0.5 nM | [174] |
| CoHCF/SPGE | Thiocholine | 5 × 10−7–1 × 10−5 M | 500 nM | [175] |
| CB/CoPc/SPCE | Thiocholine | Up to 6 mM | 4 µM | [112] |
CB: Carbon-black; NP: Nanoparticles; DEDMTDS: N,N-diethyl-N’,N’-dimethylthiuram disulfide; CoPc: Cobalt phthalocyanine; SWCNT: Single-walled carbon nanotube; SPGE: Screen-printed graphite electrode; MWCNT: Multi-walled carbon nanotube; AMPA: Aminomethyl phosphoric acid; MIP: Molecularly imprinting polymer; ERGO: Electrochemical reduction graphene oxide; AG: Activ ated graphite; CHIT: Chitosan; Nf: Nafion; DCMU: 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; NG: Nitrogen-doped graphene; PVP: Polyvinylpyrrolidone; GNR: Graphene nanoribbons; CoHCF: Cobalt hexacyanoferrate.