Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for adiposity-related cancers by quintile categories of whole and refined grain intakes and foods (N = 3,184).
| Whole grain intake (oz eq/day) | <0.23 | <.23–0.59 | 0.59–1.12 | 1.12–1.93 | >1.93 | P for trend |
| At risk (cases) | 635(112) | 632(105) | 644(119) | 643(111) | 630(118) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.02(0.78–1.33) | 1.09(0.84–1.41) | 0.91(0.70–1.18) | 0.88(0.68–1.14) | 0.22 |
| Multivariable-adjustedc,d | 1.00 | 1.04(0.79–1.36) | 1.19(0.92–1.54) | 0.97(0.74–1.27) | 0.94(0.71–1.23) | 0.53 |
| Whole grain foodsa (servings/day) | <0.28 | 0.28–0.64 | 0.64–1.13 | 1.13–1.85 | >1.85 | P for trend |
| At risk (cases) | 671(113) | 661(110) | 562(104) | 652(113) | 638(125) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.03(0.80–1.34) | 1.17(0.89–1.52) | 0.97(0.75–1.26) | 0.95(0.74–1.23) | 0.60 |
| Multivariable-adjustedc,d | 1.00 | 1.07(0.82–1.39) | 1.28(0.98–1.68) | 1.04(0.79–1.35) | 1.03(0.79–1.35) | 0.93 |
| % Total grains as whole grains | <6.0% | 6.0–14.2% | 14.2–23.8% | 23.8–37.0% | >37.0% | P for trend |
| At risk (cases) | 639(119) | 612(83) | 679(132) | 620(119) | 634(112) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.84(0.64–1.12) | 1.01(0.88–1.31) | 1.10(0.90–1.49) | 0.82(0.68–1.09) | 0.38 |
| Multivariable-adjustedc,d | 1.00 | 0.86(0.65–1.15) | 1.05(0.82–1.35) | 1.14(0.88–1.48) | 0.84(0.64–1.10) | 0.80 |
| Refined grain intake (oz eq/day) | <2.26 | 2.26–3.16 | 3.16–4.14 | 4.14–5.52 | >5.52 | P for trend |
| At risk (cases) | 636(110) | 655(132) | 626(110) | 630(111) | 637(102) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.18(0.91–1.52) | 1.12(0.85–1.44) | 1.10(0.84–1.42) | 1.00(0.76–1.31) | 0.22 |
| Multivariable-adjustedc,d | 1.00 | 1.18(0.91–1.54) | 1.14(0.86–1.51) | 1.09(0.81–1.46) | 0.98(0.70–1.38) | 0.77 |
| Refined grain foods (servings/day)b | <1.81 | 1.81–2.62 | 2.62–3.56 | 3.56–5.25 | >5.25 | P for trend |
| At risk (cases) | 640(120) | 634(114) | 640(103) | 635(116) | 635(112) | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.11(0.86–1.44) | 0.84(0.64–1.09) | 1.20(0.92–1.55) | 0.97(0.75–1.26) | 0.97 |
| Multivariable-adjustedc,d | 1.00 | 1.19(0.91–1.55) | 0.89(0.68–1.18) | 1.26(0.94–1.68) | 0.99(0.72–1.36) | 0.93 |
Whole grain foods included whole grain cold breakfast cereal, cooked oatmeal, brown rice, other grains, dark bread, popcorn, bran and wheat germ.
Refined grain foods included refined grain cold breakfast cereal and other cooked cereal, sandwiches and casseroles, white bread, English muffins or bagels, muffins or biscuits, white rice, pasta, pancakes or waffles, crackers, pizza, cookies, brownies, doughnuts, cakes, sweet rolls, pies, and chowder.
Models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and energy intake.
Additional adjustment for BMI, WC, height, chronic diseases (CVD and diabetes), physical activity, antioxidant use, percentage energy from fat, and refined grain intake did not significantly alter these findings.