Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for site-specific cancers by tertile categories of whole and refined grain intakes and foods (N = 3,184).
| Breast cancer (N = 124)c |
Prostate cancer (N = 157)d |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At risk (cases) | Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjustede,g | At risk (cases) | Age-adjusted | Multivariable-adjustedf,g | |
| Whole grain intake (oz eq/day) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 560 (47) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 501 (41) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 588 (44) | 0.84 (0.56–1.27) | 0.84 (0.55–1.28) | 504 (53) | 1.39 (0.92–2.10) | 1.45 (0.96–2.19) |
| Tertile 3 | 541 (33) | 0.63 (0.40–0.98) | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) | 490 (63) | 1.42 (0.95–2.10) | 1.47 (0.97–2.24) |
| Whole grain foods (servings/day)a | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 518 (47) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 550 (54) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 615 (44) | 0.74 (0.49–1.12) | 0.75 (0.50–1.14) | 459 (40) | 1.00 (0.66–1.50) | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) |
| Tertile 3 | 556 (33) | 0.56 (0.36–0.88) | 0.53 (0.33–0.86) | 486 (63) | 1.20 (0.83–1.74) | 1.22 (0.83–1.80) |
| % Total grains as whole grains | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 543 (43) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 475 (40) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 578 (40) | 0.89 (0.58–1.37) | 0.92 (0.59–1.41) | 522 (60) | 1.28 (0.85–1.91) | 1.31 (0.87–1.97) |
| Tertile 3 | 568 (41) | 0.83 (0.54–1.29) | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | 498 (57) | 1.21 (0.80–1.81) | 1.27 (0.84–1.92) |
| Refined grain intake (oz eq/day) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 545 (40) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 495 (59) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 583 (40) | 0.92 (0.59–1.42) | 0.98 (0.61–1.56) | 507 (50) | 0.96 (0.66–1.40) | 0.88 (0.59–1.32) |
| Tertile 3 | 561 (44) | 1.04 (0.68–1.61) | 1.26 (0.73–2.17) | 493 (48) | 0.93 (0.63–1.36) | 0.76 (0.46–1.25) |
| Refined grain foods (servings/day)b | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 557 (41) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 490 (55) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 570 (41) | 0.90 (0.58–1.39) | 1.00 (0.63–1.59) | 509 (57) | 1.16 (0.80–1.69) | 1.04 (0.70–1.56) |
| Tertile 3 | 562 (42) | 1.01 (0.65–1.55) | 1.23 (0.73–2.09) | 496 (45) | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | 0.70 (0.42–1.17) |
Whole grain foods included whole grain cold breakfast cereal, cooked oatmeal, brown rice, other grains, dark bread, popcorn, bran and wheat germ.
Refined grain foods included refined grain cold breakfast cereal and other cooked cereal, sandwiches and casseroles, white bread, English muffins or bagels, muffins or biscuits, white rice, pasta, pancakes or waffles, crackers, pizza, cookies, brownies, doughnuts, cakes, sweet rolls, pies, and chowder.
For breast cancers, tertile cut-offs were as follows for: whole grain intake (oz eq/day): T1: 0.50, T2: 0.50–1.35. T3: >1.35; whole grain foods (servings/day): T1: <0.56, T2: 0.56–1.35, T3: >1.35; percentage of total grain as whole grains: T1: <12.34%, T2: 12.34–29.45%, T3: 29.45%; refined grain intake (oz eq/day): T1: <2.73, T2: 2.73–4.31, T3: >4.31; for refined grain food intake (servings/day): T1: <2.20, T2: 2.20–3.76, T3: >3.76.
For prostate cancers, tertile cut-offs were as follows for whole grain intake (oz eq/day): T1: 0.43, T2: 0.43–1.24. T3: >1.24; whole grain foods (servings/day): T1: <0.50, T2: 0.50–1.28, T3: >1.28; percentage of total grain as whole grains: T1: <9.49%, T2: 9.49–25.25%, T3: >25.25%; refined grain intake (oz eq/day): T1: <3.00, T2: 3.00–4.88, T3: >4.88; for refined grain food intake (servings/day): T1: <2.20, T2: 2.20–3.76, T3: >3.76.
Models were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol, energy intake, menopausal status, age at menopause, hormone therapy use, and number of live births.
Models were adjusted for age, smoking, alcohol, and energy intake.
Additional adjustment for BMI, WC, height, chronic diseases (CVD and diabetes), physical activity, antioxidant use, percentage energy from fat, fruit and vegetable intake, and refined grain intake did not significantly alter these findings.