Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Mean (SD) or N (%) | |
|---|---|
| 10–15 weeks of gestation | |
| N | 102 |
| Age (years) | 32.0 (4.9) |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 12.6 (1.6) |
| Race-Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic/Latina | 24 (23.5%) |
| Non-Hispanic/Latina | |
| White | 53 (52.0%) |
| Black/African-American | 13 (12.8%) |
| Asian | 9 (8.8%) |
| Other/Multiple | 3 (2.9%) |
| College graduate | 84 (82%) |
| Nulliparous | 48 (47.1%) |
| Body mass indexa, (kg/m2) | 29.9 (6.7) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) (n = 91) | 12.8 (0.7) |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL) (n = 91) | 89.2 (4.0) |
| Red cell distribution width (%) (n = 89) | 13.0 (0.9) |
| Mean OGTT glucose (mg/dL) | 104.9 (22.2) |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.25 (0.3) |
| Hemoglobin A1C-estimated average glucose (mg/dL) | 104.0 (8.2) |
| 24–30 weeks of gestation | |
| N | 73 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 26.6 (1.9) |
| Body mass indexa, (kg/m2) | 31.8 (5.9) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) (n = 69) | 11.8 (0.8) |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL) (n = 69) | 91.2 (4.6) |
| Red cell distribution width (%) (n = 69) | 13.3 (0.7) |
| Mean OGTT glucose (mg/dL) | 111.2 (19.0) |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.10 (0.3) |
| Hemoglobin A1C-estimated average glucose (mg/dL) | 99.6 (8.5) |
| P ostpartum | |
| N | 42 |
| Time postpartum (weeks) | 10.2 (4.5) |
| Breastfeeding status | |
| Exclusively breastfeeding | 19 (47.5%) |
| Breastfeeding and formula feeding | 14 (35.0%) |
| Formula feeding only | 7 (17.5%) |
| Body Mass Indexa, (kg/m2) | 30.0 (6.1) |
| Mean OGTT glucose (mg/dL) | 105.1 (19.0) |
| Hemoglobin A1C (%) | 5.28 (0.2) |
| Hemoglobin A1C-estimated average glucose (mg/dL) | 104.9 (6.9) |
aBody mass index was calculated from height measured at the 1st visit, and weight measured at each visit.