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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 20.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Cell. 2020 Apr 2;53(2):199–211.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.03.005

Figure 3. Inhibition of glycolysis disrupts neural crest migration.

Figure 3.

(a) Measurement of basal OCR and ECAR show that inhibition of glycolysis with 2-DG drives neural crest cells to adopt aerobic, rather than glycolytic, metabolism. (b) Lactate production by neural crest cells is inhibited by 2-DG treatment in a dose-dependent manner. (c) Despite reducing glycolytic flux, 2-DG treatment does not affect ATP levels in neural crest cells. (d) Images of control and 2-DG-treated neural crest explants after 24h of incubation. (e) Inhibition of glycolysis results in smaller neural crest explants. (f) Overlay of tracks of individual cells from a 12h time-lapse movie of a neural fold explant. Neural crest cells were transfected with vectors expressing H2B-RFP and Actin-GFP for live imaging. Cell trajectories in control and 2-DG treated explants show decreased neural crest migration following inhibition of aerobic glycolysis. (g-i) Treatment with 2-DG results in reduction of the maximum distance traveled, total displacement and mean speed of individual neural crest cells. ECAR: Extracellular Acidification Rate; HH: Hamburger and Hamilton stage; NC: neural crest; OCR: Oxygen Consumption Rate. 2-DG : 2- Deoxy-Glucose, Ctrl: Control, HH: Hamburger and Hamilton stage .Error bar represents ± S.E.M. Scale bar: 200um. Also see Fig. S2 and Fig. S3.