Figure 1.

Overview of in vitro human vascular system. Fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells that resemble the externa, media and intima layers, respectively, of human blood vessel could be obtained by isolation, differentiation from stem cells, or transdifferentiation from other cell types. Human vascular MPS including TEBV and MVS manufactured from these cells could be applied for functional assays, disease modeling and treatment discovery. These results could potentially translate back to patients.